Table 3.

Complex knowledge required for hazard planning-making [8].

✓Knowledge of ecological and societal risks and benefits associated with a plan.

✓Knowledge of alternative options, their complexity, risks, and benefits.

✓Estimation of the uncertainty and complexity of the relevant information.

✓Scientific expertise and collaborative knowledge.

✓Knowledge of new technologies for effective governance.

✓Big data and information technology knowledge limited for uses during the hazard.

✓Understanding the multifaceted holistic resilience.