Table 3.
Summary of included original studies investigating ‘supervised rehabilitation frequency’
| Author (year) | Design | Population | Groups: av no. appointments (av/week) | Supervision category | Intervention period (months) | OM assessment (months) | OMs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Age (mean) | Sex | Graft | Activity level | |||||||
| Beard and Dodd (1998) [31] | RCT | 31 | 28 |
M 21 F 5 |
BPTB | Not stated |
Home: not specified Clinic + knee class: 16 (1.33) |
Unspecified High |
Mid (approx. 1-4) | Pre-operative, 3 and 6 | Lysholm knee score, IKDC knee evaluation form, Modified Tegner activity score, VAS sports frequency and level, VAS ADLs, Isokinetic Fl and ext (60deg/sec), KT-1000 |
| Christensen et al. (2018) [32] | Retrospective | 332 | 31.2 |
M 192 F 140 |
HS / BPTB | Not stated |
Unsupervised: 3–7 (0.16) Semi-supervised: 8–13 (0.33) Supervised: 14–35 (0.76) |
Low Mod High |
Late (0-8) | 8 | KOS-ADL, NPRS |
| Darian et al. (2015) [33] | Case report | 1 | 22 | M | HS | Competitive sport | Supervised: 15 (0.63) | High | Mid (0-6) | Pre-operative, 1.5, 3 and 6 | IKDC subjective knee evaluation, Lysholm knee score, KOOS, K-SES, single hop |
| De Carlo and Sell (1997) [34] | Retrospective | 180 | 26.8 |
M 130 F 50 |
BPTB | Sport participation (100%) |
Home: 7 (0.29) Standard routine: 20 (0.83) |
Low High |
Mid (0-6) | 1,6 and 12 |
Isokinetic Fl and ext (180deg/s) ROM, Modified Noyes Questionnaire |
| Dempsey et al. (2019) [30] | Cross-sectional | 60 | 29.7 |
M 31 F 29 |
HS/BPTB |
Competitive (57%) Recreational (41%) Non-athletes (3%) |
Cohort: 58.2 (2.24) | High | Mid (av. 6.3) | At physician clearance (6.3) | Isokinetic ext (60deg/sec), isometric ext (90deg), single hop for distance, IKDC 2000 subjective knee evaluation, physiotherapy questionnaire |
| Feller et al. (2004) [35] | Retrospective | 20 | 28 |
M 16 F 4 |
HS/BPTB | Not stated |
Minimal: 0–3 (0.04) Intermediate: 4–11 (0.14) Regular: 15-50 (0.51) |
Low Low High |
Late (0–12) | 12 | Cincinnati knee score, Cincinnati occupational rating scale, Cincinnati sports activity level, IKDC knee evaluation form, KT-1000 |
| Fischer at al. (1998) [36] | Prospective | 54 | 30.5 |
M 28 F 26 |
BPTB/allograft | Not stated |
Home: 5 (0.21) Clinic: 19.9 (0.83) |
Low High |
Mid (0–6) |
Examination at 1 week, 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 Lysholm at 3 and 6 Hops and HSQ at 6 |
Lysholm knee score, HSQ, ROM, KT-1000, Effusion, PFJ crepitus, anterior draw, medial-lateral laxity, posterior draw, Lachman’s, pivot shift, thigh atrophy, single hop for distance, 6m timed hop, triple hop for distance, triple crossover hop for distance |
| Grant and Mohtadi (2005) [37] | RCT | 145 | 29.3 |
M 85 F 60 |
Not stated | Not stated |
Home: 3 (0.25) Clinic: 14 (1.17) |
Mod High |
Early (0–3) | Pre-operative, 1.5 and 3 | ACL-QoL questionnaire, ROM, KT-2000, knee ROM in gait, isokinetic Fl and ext (180deg/sec) |
| Grant et al. (2010) [38] | RCT | 88 | 33.7 |
M 58% F 42% |
Not stated | Not stated |
Home: 3 (0.25) Clinic: 14 (1.17) |
Mod High |
Early (0–3) | 26-53 | ACL-QoL, ROM, KT-1000, IKDC knee evaluation form, isokinetic Fl and ext (60deg/sec) |
| Han et al. (2015) [39] | Retrospective | 93 | 23 |
M 82 F 11 |
HS | Recreational athletes |
Non-compliant: 3.6 (0.1) Mod compliant: 10.7 (0.3) Fully compliant: 17 (0.47) |
Low Mod Mod |
Late (0–9) |
Pre-operative 9 |
Self-report RTS, Cincinnati sport activity level, Lysholm knee score, KOOS, SF-36, PCS, MCS |
| Hohmann et al. (2011) [40] | RCT | 40 | 28.5 |
M 20 F 20 |
BPTB | Physically active |
Home: 5 (0.10) Clinic: 45 (0.86) |
Low High |
Late (0–12) | 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 | Lysholm knee score, Tegner activity level scale, single hop for distance 6 m timed hop, vertical jump, isokinetic F and ext (120deg/sec), isometric ext (30deg) |
| Inacio et al. (2016) [41] | Retrospective | 6385 | 28 | M 4657 F 1728 | HS/BPTB/allograft | Not stated | Medical encounters in days 1–90 and 91–180 | N/A | Mid (0–6) | Mean 2.8 ± 1.8 years | Revisions within 6 months |
| Lim et al. (2019) [42] | Prospective | 26 | 35.5 |
M 18 F 8 |
HS | Not stated |
Home-based: 0 (0) Supervised: 48 (2) |
Low High |
Mid (0–6) | Pre-operative and 6 | Isokinetic Fl and ext (60deg/sec and 180 deg/sec), Biodex stability system SD OSI |
| Miller et al. (2017) [43] | Retrospective | 660 | 29.4 |
M 389 F 271 |
Not stated | Not stated |
Minimal: < 9 Moderate: 9–14 High: > 15 |
Unable to determine | Mid (3+) | Admission and last formal PT visit | KOS-ADL, NPRS, age, sex, intervention charges, ACL revision rate, area deprivation index, payer mix |
| Przybylak et al. (2018) [44] | Prospective | 50 | 30.5 |
M 37 F 13 |
HS/BPTB | Recreational athletes |
Home: 6 (0.12) Supervised: 48 (0.92) |
Low High |
Late (0–12) | Pre-operative and 12 | Kujal’s Scoring questionnaire, Tegner activity scale, KOOS, ROM, FMS |
| Revenas et al. (2009) [45] | RCT | 51 | 22.5 |
M 33 F 18 |
HS / BPTB | Not stated |
Guided therapy: 3 (0.07) Knee class: 15 (0.33) |
Low Mod |
Late (1.5–12) | Pre-operative 6 and 12 | IKDC knee evaluation form, Lysholm knee score, Tegner activity level scale, isometric ext (90deg), single hop for distance, ROM |
| Schenck et al. (1997) [46] | RCT | 37 | 23.5 |
M 28 F 9 |
BPTB | Not stated | Home: 2.85 (0.12)Clinic: 14.2 (0.6) |
Low High |
Mid (0–6) | Pre-operative, 3 and 12 | ROM, Lysholm knee score, VAS pain, single hop for distance, KT-1000, SIP, level of activity, surgery satisfaction |
| Tracey et al. (1997) [47] | Retrospective | 39 | 25.2 |
M 54 F 15 |
BPTB | Competitive recreational athletes (80%) |
Home: 7.3 (0.30) Minimally compliant subgroup: 12 (0.5) Clinic: 60 (2.5) Non-compliant subgroup: 1.7 (0.07) |
Mod Mod High Low |
Mid (0–6) | 16 (12–30) | ROM, anterior draw, Lachman's, pivot shift, Lysholm knee score, activity level (4 levels), surgery satisfaction |
| Ugutmen et al. (2008) [48] | RCT | 104 | 31.5 |
M 103 F 1 |
HS | Not stated |
Home: unspecified Clinic: unspecified |
Unspecified | 0–8 | Mean 21.1 (12–66) |
Xray, MRI, subjective comments from patients, thigh atrophy NPRS, effusion, ROM, KT-1000 PFJ pain and crepitation, Lachman's, pivot shift, anterior drawer, Lysholm knee score, HSS, IKDC knee evaluation form |
| Yu et al. (2017) [49] | Retrospective | 42 | 21.4 |
M 39 F 3 |
BPTB | Not stated |
Rupture: 18 (0.35) No rupture: 18.6 (0.36) |
Mod Mod |
0–12 | N/A | Re-rupture |
ACL anterior cruciate ligament, ADLs activities daily living, BPTB bone-patella-tendon-bone, deg degree, ext extension, F female, Fl flexion, FMS functional movement screen, HS hamstring, HSQ Health status questionnaire, HSS hospital of special surgery, IKDC International knee documentation committee, KOOS knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score, KOS-ADL knee outcome survey–activities of daily living, K-SES knee–self-efficacy scale, m metre, M male, MCS mental component summary, MRI magnetic resonance image, NPRS numeric pain rating scale, OSI overall stability index, PCS physical component summary, PFJ patellofemoral joint, RCT randomised controlled trial, ROM range of motion, RTS return to sport, sec seconds, SF-36 short form-36, SIP sickness impact profile, VAS visual analog scale