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. 2020 Jul 17;11:3622. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16998-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a The method used to prepare Cu catalysts for electrochemical CO₂RR: anodic halogenation in KX solutions where X = halogen, oxide formation in basic KHCO₃, and electroreduction in neutral KHCO₃ by LSV. EP-Cu corresponds to electropolished Cu foils, LSV corresponds to linear sweep voltammetry. b Two-dimensional visualization of under-coordinated Cu atoms and surface roughness with the corresponding outcomes when used for the electrochemical CO₂RR. This schematic is simplified but face-centered cubic Cu has a coordination number of 12.