Table 1.
Demographic and clinical features of participants.
| Variables | rs-fMRI study | p | rTMS study | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD-FOG (N = 40) | PD-noFOG (N = 31) | NC (N = 30) | verum rTMS (N = 20) | sham rTMS (N = 10) | |||
| Gender (female/male) | 20/20 | 11/20 | 16/14 | 0.4530 | 11/9 | 5/5 | 0.7958 |
| Age (years) | 62.03 ± 9.17 | 58.03 ± 9.78 | 58.30 ± 7.46 | 0.1075 | 62.65 ± 10.56 | 65.60 ± 8.68 | 0.4241 |
| Disease duration (years) | 8.18 ± 5.07 | 5.23 ± 3.46 | – | 0.0049* | 9.15 ± 5.82 | 7.40 ± 4.83 | 0.3932 |
| Onset side (B/R/L) | 7/21/12 | 3/19/9 | – | 0.6054 | 3/12/5 | 2/7/1 | 0.6203 |
| H-Y stage | 2.58 ± 0.78 | 1.90 ± 0.61 | – | 0.0001* | 2.60 ± 0.85 | 2.35 ± 0.91 | 0.4802 |
| MDS-UPDRS III (OFF) | 42.23 ± 18.56 | 30.81 ± 14.41 | – | 0.0047* | – | – | – |
| MDS-UPDRS III (ON) | – | – | – | – | 34.15 ± 13.60 | 35.30 ± 16.71 | 0.8529 |
| LEDD (mg/d) | 698.8 ± 398.3 | 398.3 ± 291.3 | – | 0.0007* | 759.5 ± 458.4 | 637.2 ± 434.3 | 0.4838 |
| FOG subtype (OFF/OFF-ON freezer) | 29/11 | – | – | – | 15/5 | 7/3 | 0.7703 |
| FOGQ | 16.00 ± 4.64 | 2.45 ± 1.73 | – | <0.0001* | 15.85 ± 4.87 | 14.70 ± 4.03 | 0.4999 |
| MoCA | 25.18 ± 3.90 | 25.13 ± 3.51 | 26.13 ± 3.52 | 0.4749 | 25.10 ± 4.61 | 25.50 ± 4.35 | 0.8185 |
Means and SD are shown for continuous variables.
FOG freezing of gait, Onset side (B/R/L) bilateral/right/left onset, H-Y stage Hoehn and Yahr stage, MDS-UPDRS III Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor score, FOGQ freezing of gait questionnaire, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment.
*p < 0.01.