Fig. 1. Improvement of mitochondrial function with elamipretide.

a Decrements in mitochondrial respiration were seen across different mitochondrial complexes and substrate conditions in permeabilized fibers (N = 7–8 for all groups) and intact hearts (N = 3–4 for all groups), with elamipretide providing improved function across complexes. b In permeabilized ventricular fibers, elamipretide reduced H₂O₂ emission associated with reoxygenation (N = 74 for all groups). c–e Effects of elamipretide on reverse electron transport (RET) stimulated by succinate administration. Effects of elamipretide RET stimulated by succinate administration. c Representative trace of succinate-supported RET (N = 11–12 per group). d Elamipretide led to modest reductions in RET whether analyzed as an integrated response after succinate or steady-state (N = 11–12 per group). e Rotenone substantially reduced H₂O₂ emission, with no differences between saline and elamipretide groups (N = 12 for all groups). *P < 0.05 versus normoxic; ^#P < 0.05 versus saline.