Table 2.

Effect of treatment, invasion status, climatic regime and number of siblings on post-metamorphic traits of Italian agile frogs: results of linear mixed models (two-sided F tests without multiple test corrections) including development time as fixed factor in the model (a–c) and results excluding development time from the model (d–f).

Post-metamorphic trait	Fixed effects	F	df	P	R2m	R2c
Analyses including development time as covariate
(a) Body size	Climatic regime	5.189	1, 99.5	0.017
	Invasion status	9.79	1, 103.0	0.002
	Crayfish exposure	7.42	1, 9.2	0.023	0.35	0.35
	No. of siblings	7.44	1, 102.9	0.007
	Development time	50.38	1, 100.5	<0.001
(b) Tibiofibula length	Climatic regime	1. 77	1, 100.6	0.187	0.33	0.33
	Invasion status	12. 71	1, 104.2	<0.001
	Crayfish exposure	12.06	1, 9.4	0.007
	No. of siblings	10.29	1, 104.4	0.002
	Development time	47.84	1, 101.6	<0.001
(c) Max jumping distance	Climatic regime	1.39	1, 101.5	0.242
	Invasion status	4.22	1, 107.7	0.042
	Crayfish exposure	10.20	1, 7.2	0.015	0.27	0.30
	No. of siblings	12.11	1, 106.8	<0.001
	Development time	35.034	1, 102.4	<0.001
Analyses not including development time as covariate
(d) Body size	Climatic regime	2. 94	1, 104.0	0.089
	Invasion status	0.77	1, 104.0	0.382
	Crayfish exposure	0.12	1, 104.0	0.730	0.03	0.03
	No. of siblings	0.11	1, 104.0	0.740
(e) Tibiofibula length	Climatic regime	0.66	1, 105.0	0.417
	Invasion status	1.55	1, 105.0	0.216
	Crayfish exposure	0.90	1, 105.0	0.344	0.02	0.02
	No. of siblings	0.65	1, 105.0	0.420
(f) Max jumping distance	Climatic regime	0.71	1, 101.3	0.402
	Invasion status	0.08	1, 108.0	0.782
	Crayfish exposure	2.07	1, 5.8	0.202	0.04	0.06
	No. of siblings	1.82	1, 108.0	0.180

For all tests we report both marginal and conditional determination coefficients (R²_m and R²_m, respectively⁷⁴). Significant effects are in bold. n = 110 tadpoles.