Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
| First author (year) | Population characteristics | Intervention | Assessment | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | N, intervention/control | Mean age (years) | % Male | Mean duration of disease (years) | Mean UPDRS III score | Exercise type | Intervention | Length of each session (minutes) | Frequency (times/week) | Duration (weeks) | Assessment points (weeks) | QoL measure | ||
| Allen (2010) [6] | Australia | 48, 24/24 | 67.0 | 54.2 | 8.0 | 29.5 | Combined exercise | Strengthening and balance exercises | 40–60 | 3 | 25 | 25 | PDQ-39 | |
| Ashburn (2007) [16] | UK | 142, 70/72 | 72.1 | 60.6 | NA | 21.0 | Combined exercise | Exercise menu composed of muscle strengthening, range of movement, balance training, and walking | 60 | 1 | 6 | 8 | EQ-5D | |
| Silva-Batista (2016) [30] | Brazil | 39, 26/13 | 64.2 | 74.4 | NA | 44.1 | Anaerobic exercise | Resistance training | 60 | 2 | 12 | 12 | PDQ-39 | |
| Canning (2012) [17] | Australia | 20, 10/10 | 61.8 | 50.0 | 5.7 | 19.4 | Aerobic exercise | Treadmill walking | 30–40 | 4 | 6 | 6 | PDQ-39 | |
| Cheon (2013) [18] | Korea | 23, 7/9/7 | 64.4 | 0.0 | 5.6 | 28.0 | Type A: combined exercise and type B: martial arts | Type A: combined stretching-strengthening exercise and type B: Tai chi | 50–65 | 3 | 8 | 8 | PDQL | |
| Cholewa (2013) [19] | Poland | 70, 40/30 | 70.2 | 65.7 | 7.7 | 21.8 | Aerobic exercise | Rehabilitation exercises | 60 | 2 | 12 | 12 | PDQ-39 | |
| Cruise (2011) [20] | Australia | 34, 17/17 | 60.0 | 52.9 | 5.7 | NA | Aerobic exercise | Progressive anabolic and aerobic exercise | 60 | 2 | 12 | 12 | PDQ-39 | |
| Vergara-Diaz (2018) [7] | USA | 32, 16/16 | 63.9 | 50.0 | 2.9 | 23.5 | Martial arts | Tai chi | 60 | 3 | 25 | 12 | PDQ-39 | |
| Ellis (2005) [21] | USA | 68, 35/33 | 63.5 | 75.0 | NA | 30.2 | Combined exercise | Rehabilitation program including stretching exercises, strengthening exercises, functional training, gait training, balance training, and so on | 90 | 2 | 6 | 6 | SIP-68 | |
| Hackney (2009) [22] | USA | 75, 38/17/20 | 66.4 | 81.8 | 7.6 | 27.1 | Type A: dance and type B: martial arts | Type A: dance (Waltz and Foxtrot + Tango) and type B: Tai chi | 60 | 2 | 13 | 13 | PDQ-39 | |
| Hubble(2017) [23] | Australia | 22, 11/11 | 65.4 | 68.2 | 6.8 | 19.4 | Combined exercise | Falls prevention exercise | 90 | 1 | 12 | 12 | PDQ-39 | |
| McKee (2013) [24] | USA | 33, 24/9 | 70.0 | 60.6 | 7.1 | 27.9 | Dance | Tango | 90 | 2 | 12 | 12 | PDQ-39 | |
| Morris (2015) [25] | Australia | 210, 70/69/71 | 67.9 | 66.7 | 6.5 | 11.6 | Type A: anaerobic exercise and type B: aerobic exercise | Type A : progressive resistance strength training and type B : movement strategy training | 120 | 2 | 8 | 8 | PDQ-39 | |
| Morris (2017) [26] | Australia | 133, 67/66 | 71.0 | 60.2 | NA | 35.5 | Combined exercise | Home program comprising progressive resistance strength training, movement strategy training, and falls education | 60 | 2 | 6 | 6 | PDQ-39 | |
| Ni (2016) [27] | USA | 27, 15/12 | 72.8 | 63.0 | 6.5 | NA | Martial arts | Power yoga program | 60 | 2 | 12 | 12 | PDQ-39 | |
| Ni (2016) [28] | USA | 26, 14/12 | 73.0 | 54.2 | 6.3 | 30.7 | Anaerobic exercise | High-speed resistance training combined balance and agility drills | NA | 2 | 12 | 12 | ||
| Nocera (2013) [29] | USA | 23, 17/6 | 65.9 | 52.4 | 7.7 | NA | Martial arts | Tai chi | 60 | 3 | 16 | 16 | PDQ-39 | |
| Tollar (2018) [31] | Netherlands | 64, 35/29 | 67.4 | 52.7 | NA | NA | Aerobic exercise | A high-intensity and high-frequency sensorimotor and visuomotor agility training program | 60 | 5 | 3 | 3 | PDQ-39 | |
| Ventura (2016) [32] | USA | 15, 8/7 | 71.1 | 13.3 | NA | NA | Dance | Dance | 75 | NA | 19 | 19 | PDQ-39 | |
| Winward (2012) [33] | UK | 39, 20/19 | 64.1 | 59.3 | NA | NA | Combined exercise | Aerobic sessions and strength sessions | 30 | 7 | 12 | 12 | PDQ-39 | |
EQ-5D, EuroQol; NA, not available; PDQ-39, 39-item Parkinson's disease questionnaire; PDQL, Parkinson's disease quality of life questionnaire; QoL, quality of life; and SIP-68, sickness impact profile.