Table 3.
The dynamic changes of the mitral annulus dimensions and geometry during the cardiac systole.
| Early-systole | Minimal value | Mid-systole | End-systole | Time to minimum (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MA dimensions | |||||||
| AP diameter (cm) | FMR | 3.3 ± 0.6∗ | 3.2 ± 0.6∗ | 3.4 ± 0.5∗ | 3.6 ± 0.5∗ | 26 ± 24∗ | |
| Controls | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 11 ± 9 | ||
| ALPM diameter (cm) | FMR | 4.2 ± 0.5∗ | 4.1 ± 0.5∗ | 4.4 ± 0.5∗ | 4.4 ± 0.5∗ | 26 ± 24∗ | |
| Controls | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 13 ± 8 | ||
| Commissural diameter (cm) | FMR | 4.1 ± 0.5∗ | 4.0 ± 0.5∗ | 4.3 ± 0.5∗ | 4.3 ± 0.5∗ | 28 ± 26∗ | |
| Controls | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 13 ± 9 | ||
| MA area 2D (cm2) | FMR | 11.6 ± 3.1∗ | 11.2 ± 3.1∗ | 12.2 ± 3.1∗ | 12.8 ± 3.8∗ | 20 ± 19∗ | |
| Controls | 7.4 ± 1.7 | 7.2 ± 1.6 | 8.9 ± 2.1 | 9.6 ± 2.0 | 11 ± 6 | ||
| MA area 3D (cm2) | FMR | 11.8 ± 3.2∗ | 11.4 ± 3.11∗ | 12.4 ± 3.1∗ | 13.0 ± 3.2∗ | 20 ± 18∗ | |
| Controls | 7.7 ± 1.8 | 7.4 ± 1.7 | 9.2 ± 2.2 | 9.8 ± 2.0 | 11 ± 6 | ||
| MA circumference (cm) | FMR | 12.6 ± 1.6∗ | 12.3 ± 1.6∗ | 12.9 ± 1.6∗ | 13.1 ± 1.6∗ | 21 ± 20∗ | |
| Controls | 10.3 ± 1.1 | 10.2 ± 1.1 | 11.2 ± 1.3 | 11.6 ± 1.2 | 11 ± 6 | ||
|
| |||||||
| MA geometry | |||||||
| Sphericity index | FMR | 0.8 ± 0.09∗ | 0.75 ± 0.08∗ | 0.8 ± 0.08∗ | 0.8 ± 0.08∗ | 41 ± 28∗ | |
| Controls | 0.7 ± 0.07 | 0.65 ± 0.06 | 0.7 ± 0.06 | 0.75 ± 0.07 | 20 ± 18 | ||
| NPA (°) | FMR | 162 ± 10∗ | 153 ± 10∗ | 157 ± 11∗ | 159 ± 10∗ | 48 ± 27 | |
| Controls | 152 ± 14 | 140 ± 9 | 145 ± 10 | 146 ± 8 | 55 ± 31 | ||
| Annular height (mm) | FMR | 5.2 ± 0.1∗ | 4.7 ± 0.1∗ | 5.9 ± 0.2∗ | 5.7 ± 0.2∗ | 43 ± 37∗ | |
| Control | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 5.6 ± 0.1 | 6.9 ± 0.2 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 27 ± 33 | ||
| Tenting volume (cm3) | FMR | 6.4 ± 2.3∗ | 4.6 ± 1.7∗ | 5.2 ± 1.8∗ | 5.3 ± 2.1∗ | 78 ± 18 | |
| Control | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 78 ± 14 | ||
| Tenting area (cm2) | FMR | 2.3 ± 0.8∗ | 2.1 ± 0.7∗ | 2.4 ± 0.7∗ | 2.4 ± 0.8∗ | 69 ± 28 | |
| Control | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 70 ± 24 | ||
| Tenting height (mm) | FMR | 11.5 ± 2.3∗ | 8.7 ± 2.1∗ | 10 ± 2.2∗ | 9.3 ± 2.6∗ | 84 ± 19 | |
| Control | 8.4 ± 1.7 | 4.5 ± 1.5 | 6.3 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 2.0 | 79 ± 14 | ||
| Angle Ao-AP (°) | FMR | 147 ± 13∗ | 142 ± 12∗ | 145 ± 12∗ | 149 ± 12∗ | 39 ± 28∗ | |
| Control | 137 ± 11 | 123 ± 11 | 130 ± 13 | 124 ± 11 | 24 ± 14 | ||
Angle Ao-AP: angle between aorta and the highest plane of mitral annulus; AP: anteroposterior; ALPM: anterolateral-posteromedial; MA: mitral annulus; NPA: nonplanarity angle. ∗Statistical difference with p < 0.01.