Fig. 2.

Modulation by neonicotinoids of D. melanogaster nAChRs. (A–D) Concentration–response relationships of neonicotinoids for wild-type fruit fly nAChRs and their R81T mutants in which the Arg81 of the Dβ1 subunit was replaced by threonine. In the mutant nAChRs, the Dβ1 subunit possesses the R81T amino acid substitution. Each plot represents mean ± SEM (n = 5). (E–H) Neonicotinoid modulation of responses to 100 μM ACh of the wild-type and mutant fruit fly nAChRs. Boxes show median and 25th to 75th percentiles with minimum and maximum indicated as whiskers of normalized peak amplitude of response to ACh (n = 5). *P < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni test).