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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Food Chem Toxicol. 2020 Mar 20;139:111242. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111242

Table 3.

Associations between continuous blood VOCs and continuous liver endpoints (n=214).

Disease Biomarker Overall (N=214)1 Obese (n=108)2 Not obese (n=106)2 Interaction p-value3
Exposure β (SE) p-value β (SE) p-value β (SE) p-value
CK18 M65 Benzene −10.4 (79.2) 0.9 83.3 (140.7) 0.6 −37.6 (91.7) 0.7 0.5
Toluene −10.2 (8.0) 0.2 −30.8 (38.1) 0.4 −8.1 (8.0) 0.3 0.6
Ethylbenzene −185.4 (126.8) 0.1 −106.8 (340.4) 0.8 −169.8 (132.8) 0.2 0.9
o-Xylene −84.8 (56.5) 0.1 −79.5 (89.1) 0.4 −77.6 (70.9) 0.3 1.0
m-/p-Xylene −35.8 (24.5) 0.1 −30.6 (33.8) 0.4 −35.6 (33.9) 0.3 0.9
Styrene −8.9 (11.4) 0.4 −4.6 (11.9) 0.7 −14.1 (34.2) 0.7 0.8
CK18 M30 Benzene 59.3 (63.7) 0.4 253.6 (112.8) 0.03 −19.5 (73.5) 0.8 0.04
Toluene −1.7 (6.4) 0.8 41.8 (30.8) 0.2 −3.2 (6.5) 0.6 0.2
Ethylbenzene −13.5 (109.1) 0.9 373.8 (290.9) 0.2 −70.1 (113.5) 0.5 0.2
o-Xylene −23.7 (45.7) 0.6 −10.6 (72.6) 0.9 −27.6 (57.7) 0.6 0.9
m-/p-Xylene −8.3 (19.8) 0.7 −1.5 (27.5) 1 −12.5 (27.6) 0.6 0.8
Styrene −2.7 (9.2) 0.8 −1.3 (9.7) 0.9 −3.1 (27.8) 0.9 0.9
IL6 Benzene 131.6 (194.9) 0.5 685.3 (338.7) 0.04 −123.9 (220.8) 0.6 0.04
Toluene −3.9 (19.7) 0.8 112.3 (92.4) 0.2 −10.5 (19.5) 0.6 0.2
Ethylbenzene −58.1 (311.0) 0.9 385.4 (822.0) 0.6 −168.2 (320.6) 0.6 0.5
o-Xylene −73.4 (139.8) 0.6 −42.9 (218.0) 0.8 −117.2 (173.1) 0.5 0.8
m-/p-Xylene −33.5 (60.5) 0.6 −14.6 (82.5) 0.9 −66.1 (82.8) 0.4 0.7
Styrene −6.0 (28.0) 0.8 −1.4 (29.0) 1.0 −16.2 (83.3) 0.8 0.9
IL8 Benzene 431.6 (443.9) 0.3 1713.0 (769.8) 0.03 −125.5 (501.9) 0.8 0.04
Toluene −9.6 (44.9) 0.8 265.4 (210.4) 0.2 −24.3 (44.5) 0.6 0.2
Ethylbenzene −54.3 (731.5) 0.9 1152.6 (1929.0) 0.6 −286.9 (752.4) 0.7 0.5
o-Xylene −215.8 (318.6) 0.5 −129.2 (496.0) 0.8 −297.4 (393.8) 0.5 0.8
m-/p-Xylene −91.1 (137.9) 0.5 −42.8 (187.7) 0.8 −149.9 (188.4) 0.4 0.7
Styrene 34.7 (63.9) 0.6 6.5 (65.6) 0.9 292.9 (188.5) 0.1 0.2
IL1β Benzene 98.6 (58.2) 0.1 336.1 (100.5) 0.001 −4.9 (65.5) 0.9 0.004
Toluene 1.2 (5.9) 0.8 59.0 (27.7) 0.03 −1.9 (5.8) 0.7 0.03
Ethylbenzene 27.8 (101.3) 0.8 316.0 (267.7) 0.2 −32.9 (104.4) 0.8 0.2
o-Xylene −11.9 (42.0) 0.8 −5.7 (65.7) 0.9 −23.1 (52.2) 0.7 0.8
m-/p-Xylene −4.3 (18.2) 0.8 −0.3 (24.9) 1.0 −12.1 (25.0) 0.6 0.7
Styrene 0.5 (8.4) 0.9 2.5 (8.7) 0.8 3.1 (25.1) 0.9 1.0
TNFα Benzene −10.2 (9.0) 0.3 −9.5 (15.9) 0.5 −13.0 (10.4) 0.2 0.8
Toluene −0.6 (0.9) 0.5 −3.1 (4.3) 0.5 −0.6 (0.9) 0.5 0.6
Ethylbenzene −8.6 (12.8) 0.5 −19.4 (34.0) 0.6 −7.7 (13.3) 0.6 0.7
o-Xylene −3.5 (6.5) 0.6 −2.9 (10.2) 0.8 −5.6 (8.1) 0.5 0.8
m-/p-Xylene −1.8 (2.8) 0.5 −1.7 (3.8) 0.7 −2.8 (3.9) 0.5 0.8
Styrene −0.4 (1.3) 0.8 −0.6 (1.4) 0.7 1.4 (3.9) 0.7 0.6
MCP1 Benzene 211.0 (214.2) 0.3 49.5 (379.0) 0.9 252.7 (247.1) 0.3 0.6
Toluene 24.7 (21.6) 0.3 26.8 (102.8) 0.8 18.9 (21.7) 0.4 0.9
Ethylbenzene 230.8 (273.3) 0.4 −117.8 (719.4) 0.9 307.5 (280.6) 0.3 0.6
o-Xylene 165.2 (153.5) 0.3 100.8 (241.9) 0.7 131.3 (192.0) 0.5 0.9
m-/p-Xylene 65.9 (66.5) 0.3 33.8 (91.6) 0.7 60.8 (91.9) 0.5 0.8
Styrene −11.5 (30.9) 0.7 −22.5 (32.1) 0.5 −11.4 (92.4) 0.9 0.9
PAI1 Benzene −4.4 (19.0) 0.8 −23.0 (33.6) 0.5 1.9 (21.9) 0.9 0.5
Toluene −1.8 (1.9) 0.3 −5.7 (9.1) 0.5 −2.1 (1.9) 0.3 0.7
Ethylbenzene −14.9 (24.1) 0.5 22.4 (64.0) 0.7 −26.9 (24.9) 0.3 0.5
o-Xylene −17.9 (13.6) 0.2 −20.0 (21.4) 0.4 −21.7 (16.9) 0.2 1.0
m-/p-Xylene −7.3 (5.9) 0.2 −7.3 (8.1) 0.4 −10.1 (8.1) 0.2 0.8
Styrene −1.3 (2.7) 0.6 −0.1 (2.8) 1.0 −6.0 (8.2) 0.5 0.5
Insulin Benzene −123.8 (624.1) 0.8 193.2 (1089.3) 0.9 −193.4 (710.1) 0.8 0.8
Toluene −27.9 (62.9) 0.7 1.8 (295.3) 1.0 −26.6 (62.4) 0.7 0.9
Ethylbenzene −551.4 (1000.0) 0.6 −1257.9 (2620.0) 0.6 −297.9 (1021.9) 0.8 0.7
o-Xylene −338.4 (446.8) 0.4 −464.1 (693.5) 0.5 −219.4 (550.6) 0.7 0.8
m-/p-Xylene −156.1 (193.3) 0.4 −186.8 (262.5) 0.5 −100.8 (263.3) 0.7 0.8
Styrene 6.6 (89.7) 0.9 43.2 (91.8) 0.6 −328.8 (264.0) 0.2 0.2
Leptin Benzene −2379.5 (2683.5) 0.4 −6891.1 (4756.2) 0.1 −648.9 (3100.8) 0.8 0.3
Toluene −113.9 (271.1) 0.7 −1857.1 (1289.7) 0.2 −68.0 (272.5) 0.8 0.2
Ethylbenzene 482.5 (3742.8) 0.9 6269.1 (9844.5) 0.5 −768.0 (3839.6) 0.8 0.5
o-Xylene −1599.0 (1924.0) 0.4 −3372.9 (3073.6) 0.3 −748.0 (2411.6) 0.8 0.5
m-/p-Xylene −840.5 (831.9) 0.3 −1326.7 (1149.2) 0.2 −469.0 (1153.1) 0.7 0.6
Styrene −2.6 (386.4) 1.0 −3.7 (404.3) 1.0 −631.9 (1162.5) 0.6 0.6
Adiponectin Benzene −9.0 (13.9) 0.5 −17.2 (24.1) 0.5 −6.3 (15.7) 0.7 0.7
Toluene −0.6 (1.4) 0.7 −7.2 (6.5) 0.3 −0.4 (1.4) 0.8 0.3
Ethylbenzene −21.3 (19.6) 0.3 −29.8 (51.0) 0.6 −19.3 (19.9) 0.3 0.8
o-Xylene −6.4 (9.9) 0.5 −8.8 (15.4) 0.6 −5.1 (12.2) 0.7 0.8
m-/p-Xylene −4.1 (4.3) 0.3 −4.0 (5.8) 0.5 −4.0 (5.8) 0.5 1.0
Styrene −1.7 (2.0) 0.4 −0.6 (2.0) 0.8 −9.1 (5.8) 0.1 0.2
Resistin Benzene 5.2 (14.4) 0.7 −25.0 (25.6) 0.3 17.4 (16.7) 0.3 0.2
Toluene 0.1 (1.5) 0.9 −3.0 (7.0) 0.7 −0.1 (1.5) 0.9 0.7
Ethylbenzene −8.9 (20.7) 0.7 −58.5 (54.7) 0.3 −10.7 (21.3) 0.6 0.4
o-Xylene 1.5 (10.3) 0.9 3.0 (16.4) 0.9 −5.2 (13.0) 0.7 0.7
m-/p-Xylene 0.4 (4.5) 0.9 0.3 (6.2) 1.0 −2.9 (6.2) 0.6 0.7
Styrene −1.8 (2.1) 0.4 −0.8 (2.2) 0.7 −5.3 (6.3) 0.4 0.5

BTEXS (μg/L)

1

Adjusted for age (<30, 30–45, >45), race (white, nonwhite), typical alcohol consumption (0, 1, 2 drinks/day), serum cotinine (continuous), BMI (<25, 25–<30, ≥30 kg/m2), diabetes diagnosis, education (<high school diploma, high school diploma/equivalent, some college, college degree); sample size is 157 for all associations with ethylbenzene due to missing exposure data

2

Adjusted as above, except BMI is dichotomized at the threshold for obesity (<30 vs ≥30 kg/m2) and an interaction term is added between the exposure of interest and the dichotomous obesity term; sample size for all associations with ethylbenzene is 82 obese and 75 non-obese participants due to missing exposure data

3

P-value associated with interaction term (exposure × obesity)