Table 3.
Clinical profile of the study sample
| Clinical variables | Mean (SD)/n (%) | Chi-square value/ANOVA F value with post hoc Scheffe’s test@/Kruskal-Wallis value (P) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole sample (n=844) | Group I No residual symptoms (HDRS and YMRS=0) (n=175) | Group II Only depressive residual symptoms (YMRS=0 and HDRS=1-7) (n=170) | Group III Only manic symptoms (HDRS=0 and YMRS >1-7) (n=88) | Group IV Both depressive and manic symptoms (both HDRS and YMRS >1-7) (n=411) | ||
| Age of onset (years) | 28.23 (10.47); 13-61 | 28.71 (11.61); 13-57 | 29.97 (11.12); 13-60 | 29.31 (10.26); 13-54 | 27.07 (9.81); 13-61 |
F=3.725 (0.011)* II>IV*; II>I>III>IV |
| Comorbid physical illness | ||||||
| Any comorbid physical illness: Present | 151 (17.9) | 19 (10.9) | 25 (14.7) | 4 (4.5) | 103 (25.1) | 32.120 (<0.001)*** |
| Comorbid | ||||||
| Hypertension only | 47 (5.6) | 2 (1.1) | 6 (3.5) | 2 (2.3) | 37 (9.0) | 18.896 (<0.001)*** |
| Diabetes mellitus only | 27 (3.2) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (0.6) | 0 | 23 (5.6) | 15.565 (0.001)*** |
| HTN and DM both | 14 (1.7) | 1 (0.6) | 5 (2.9) | 0 (0) | 8 (1.9) | 4.675 (0.197) |
| Hypothyroidism: Present | 50 (5.9) | 5 (2.9) | 5 (2.9) | 2 (2.3) | 38 (9.2) | 15.909 (0.001)*** |
| Comorbid substance use | ||||||
| Substance use disorder: Present | 139 (16.5) | 14 (8.0) | 22 (12.9) | 7 (8.0) | 96 (23.4) | 29.477 (<0.001)*** |
| Substance use disorder | ||||||
| Alcohol dependence | 82 (9.7) | 11 (6.3) | 19 (11.2) | 6 (6.8) | 46 (11.2) | 4.624 (0.201) |
| Cannabis dependence | 11 (1.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 (2.7) | 11.742 (0.002)** |
| Tobacco dependence | 46 (5.5) | 3 (1.7) | 3 (1.8) | 1 (1.1) | 39 (9.5) | 25.409 (<0.001)*** |
| None | 705 (83.5) | 161 (92.0) | 148 (87.1) | 81 (92.0) | 315 (76.6) | 29.477 (<0.001)*** |
| Life history of BPAD | ||||||
| Mean number of manic episodes in the lifetime | 3.38 (3.66); 0-31 | 4.12 (3.77); 1-21 | 3.48 (4.35); 0-28 | 4.15 (4.46); 1-30 | 2.86 (2.98); 0-31 | Kruskal-Wallis value-34.23 (<0.001)*** III>IV*;I>IV** III>I>II>IV |
| Mean number of depressive episodes in the lifetime | 2.89 (3.61); 0-30 | 2.43 (2.92); 0-21 | 3.55 (4.46); 0-30 | 2.59 (2.92); 0-17 | 2.87 (3.59); 0-23 | Kruskal-Wallis value- 9.849 (0.020)** II>IV>III>I II>I* |
| Mean number of hypomanic episodes in the lifetime | 0.49 (2.09); 0-21 | 0.14 (0.51); 0-3 | 0.429 (1.82); 0-20 | 0.15 (0.93); 0-8 | 0.739 (2.68); 0-21 | Kruskal-Wallis value-16.994 (0.001)*** IV>I*; IV>II>III>I |
| Mean number of mixed episodes in the lifetime | 0.065 (0.59); 0-16 | 0.005 (0.075); 0-1 | 0.052 (0.249); 0-2 | 0.022 (0.213); 0-2 | 0.104 (0.83); 0-16 | Kruskal-Wallis value-10.950 (0.012)** IV>III>II>I |
| Mean number of total episodes in the lifetime | 6.83 (6.56); 1-55 | 6.71 (5.52); 1-42 | 7.511 (7.98); 1-55 | 6.920 (6.49); 2-40 | 6.58 (6.33); 1-53 | Kruskal-Wallis value-7.876 (0.049)* II>III>IV>I |
| Mean HDRS score | 2.39 (2.02); 0-7 | 0 | 2.88 (1.34); 1-7 | 0 | 3.72 (1.45); 1-7 | Kruskal-Wallis value-586.61 (<0.001)*** IV>II***>I=III *** |
| Mean YMRS score | 1.46 (1.58); 0-7 | 0 | 0 | 2.36 (1.17); 1-5 | 2.50 (1.34); 1-7 | Kruskal-Wallis value-666.33 (<0.001)*** FIV>III; IV>I=II*** III>I=II*** |
| Mean number of manic episodes per year of illness | 0.42 (0.55); 0-8 | 0.56 (0.67); 0.04-5.22 | 0.39 (0.50); 0-4 | 0.62 (0.91); 0.04-8 | 0.34 (0.36); 0-2.44 | Kruskal-Wallis value-46.28 (<0.001)*** I>IV***; III>II*; III>IV*** III>I>II>IV |
| Mean number of depressive episodes per year of illness | 0.33 (0.44); 0-5.22 | 0.36 (0.64); 0-5.22 | 0.34 (0.33); 0-2.05 | 0.37 (0.40); 0-2 | 0.29 (0.39); 0-4 | Kruskal-Wallis value-9.338 (0.025)** III>II>1>IV |
| Mean number of hypomanic episodes per year of illness | 0.04 (0.20); 0-4 | 0.026 (0.14); 0-1.5 | 0.06 (0.34); 0-4 | 0.029 (0.188); 0-1.6 | 0.048 (0.15); 0-1.21 | Kruskal-Wallis value-16.439 (0.001)*** IV>II>III>I |
| Mean number of mixed episodes per year of illness | 0.006 (0.045); 0-1 | 0.0003 (0.0037); 0-0.05 | 0.006 (0.04); 0-0.44 | 0.001 (0.019); 0-0.17 | 0.009 (0.059); 0-1 | Kruskal-Wallis value-11.063 (0.011)** IV>II>III>I |
| Mean number of total episodes per year of illness | 0.82 (0.90); 0.05-10.43 | 0.96 (1.21); 0.06-10.43 | 0.83 (0.87); 0.07-8.20 | 1.06 (1.22); 0.10-9.60 | 0.68 (0.57); 0.05-4.33 | Kruskal-Wallis value-16.352 (0.001)*** III>IV*; III>I>II>IV |
Other physical illness in the entire sample: Cataract (n=1), connective tissue disorder (n=2), epilepsy (n=2), hernia (n=1), HIV (n=1), osteoarthritis (n=1), rheumatoid arthritis (n=2), polycyctic ovarian disease (n=1), vitiligo (n=2), psoriasis (n=1), hemorrhoids (n=1), benign prostate hypertrophy (n=5), eczema (n=1) and Parkinson’s disease (n=1). @Post hoc values pertain to comparisons done by using ANOVA; *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001. YMRS – Young Mania Rating Scale; HDRS – Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; SD – Standard deviation