Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019
| Overall | Mild-moderate cases (+/++) | Severe cases (+++/++++) | pa value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 483) | (n = 421) | (n = 62) | ||
| Time from symptom to admission | 0.585 | |||
| Mean (SD, min, max) | 5.86 (5.23, 0.00, 30.0) | 5.90 (5.27, 0.00, 30.0) | 5.52 (4.91, 0.00, 18.0) | |
| Median (IQR) | 4.00 (2.00, 8.00) | 4.00 (2.00, 8.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 9.00) | |
| Time from admission to cure/severe illness | < 0.001 | |||
| Mean (SD, min, max) | 12.2 (4.71, 1.00, 23.0) | 12.5 (4.51, 1.00, 23.0) | 9.74 (5.32, 1.00, 23.0) | |
| Median (IQR) | 12.0 (9.00, 15.0) | 13.0 (9.00, 16.0) | 9.00 (5.25, 13.8) | |
| Time from symptom to cure/severe illness | 0.002 | |||
| Mean (SD, min, max) | 18.0 (7.41, 1.00, 50.0) | 18.4 (7.35, 1.00, 50.0) | 15.3 (7.32, 1.00, 50.0) | |
| Median (IQR) | 17.0 (13.0, 23.0) | 17.0 (13.0, 23.0) | 14.5 (9.25, 21.0) | |
| Demographic characteristics | 0.830 | |||
| Age | ||||
| Mean (SD, min, max) | 48.4 (12.4, 11.0, 83.0) | 48.5 (12.4, 11.0, 72.0) | 48.1 (12.9, 22.0, 83.0) | |
| Median (IQR) | 50.0 (39.0, 58.0) | 50.0 (39.0, 58.0) | 48.5 (37.3, 58.8) | |
| Age distribution | 0.360 | |||
| (~ 50] | 227 (47.0%) | 194 (46.1%) | 33 (53.2%) | |
| (50~ | 256 (53.0%) | 227 (53.9%) | 29 (46.8%) | |
| Sex | 0.341 | |||
| Female | 265 (54.9%) | 227 (53.9%) | 38 (61.3%) | |
| Male | 218 (45.1%) | 194 (46.1%) | 24 (38.7%) | |
| BMI | 0.738 | |||
| Mean (SD, min, max) | 23.3 (3.15, 15.0, 37.8) | 23.3 (3.15, 15.0, 37.8) | 23.4 (3.15, 16.5, 31.3) | |
| Median (IQR) | 22.9 (21.4, 25.4) | 22.9 (21.4, 25.4) | 23.1 (21.9, 25.5) | |
| BMI distribution | 0.485 | |||
| (~ 18.4] | 25 (5.2%) | 20 (4.8%) | 5 (8.1%) | |
| (18.5, 23.9] | 271 (56.1%) | 239 (56.8%) | 32 (51.6%) | |
| (24, 27.9] | 155 (32.1%) | 136 (32.3%) | 19 (30.6%) | |
| [28~) | 32 (6.6%) | 26 (6.2%) | 6 (9.7%) | |
| Huanan seafood wholesale market exposure | 0.574 | |||
| No | 475 (98.3%) | 413 (98.1%) | 62 (100%) | |
| Yes | 8 (1.7%) | 8 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | |
| History suspected patient exposure | 0.080 | |||
| Uncertain | 185 (38.3%) | 168 (39.9%) | 17 (27.4%) | |
| Yes | 298 (61.7%) | 253 (60.1%) | 45 (72.6%) | |
| With other family member infected | 0.011 | |||
| No | 263 (54.5%) | 239 (56.8%) | 24 (38.7%) | |
| Yes | 220 (45.5%) | 182 (43.2%) | 38 (61.3%) | |
| Daily exercise | 0.730 | |||
| No | 189 (39.1%) | 163 (38.7%) | 26 (41.9%) | |
| Yes | 294 (60.9%) | 258 (61.3%) | 36 (58.1%) | |
| Daily self-care ability | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 22 (4.6%) | 8 (1.9%) | 14 (22.6%) | |
| Yes | 461 (95.4%) | 413 (98.1%) | 48 (77.4%) | |
| Smoking | 0.063 | |||
| Current smokers | 83 (17.2%) | 66 (15.7%) | 17 (27.4%) | |
| Give up smoking | 15 (3.1%) | 14 (3.3%) | 1 (1.6%) | |
| Never smokers | 385 (79.7%) | 341 (81.0%) | 44 (71.0%) | |
| Marital status | 0.782 | |||
| Divorce | 3 (0.6%) | 3 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Married | 454 (94.0%) | 395 (93.8%) | 59 (95.2%) | |
| Unmarried | 26 (5.4%) | 23 (5.5%) | 3 (4.8%) | |
| Recent surgery history | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 101 (20.9%) | 99 (23.5%) | 2 (3.2%) | |
| Yes | 382 (79.1%) | 322 (76.5%) | 60 (96.8%) | |
| Antiviral drug treatment before admission | 0.874 | |||
| No | 164 (34.0%) | 144 (34.2%) | 20 (32.3%) | |
| Yes | 319 (66.0%) | 277 (65.8%) | 42 (67.7%) | |
| Antibiotic drug treatment before admission | 0.723 | |||
| No | 193 (40.0%) | 170 (40.4%) | 23 (37.1%) | |
| Yes | 290 (60.0%) | 251 (59.6%) | 39 (62.9%) | |
| Comorbidities at admission | ||||
| Primary pulmonary disease | 0.047 | |||
| No | 441 (91.3%) | 389 (92.4%) | 52 (83.9%) | |
| Yes | 42 (8.7%) | 32 (7.6%) | 10 (16.1%) | |
| Hypertension | 0.067 | |||
| No | 449 (93.0%) | 392 (93.1%) | 57 (91.9%) | |
| Yes | 34 (7.0%) | 29 (6.9%) | 5 (8.1%) | |
| Diabetes | 0.072 | |||
| No | 459 (95.0%) | 401 (95.2%) | 58 (93.5%) | |
| Yes | 24 (5.0%) | 20 (4.8%) | 4 (6.5%) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.124 | |||
| No | 470 (97.3%) | 412 (97.9%) | 58 (93.5%) | |
| Yes | 13 (2.7%) | 9 (2.1%) | 4 (6.5%) | |
| Coronary heart disease | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 475 (98.3%) | 418 (99.3%) | 57 (91.9%) | |
| Yes | 8 (1.7%) | 3 (0.7%) | 5 (8.1%) | |
| History of myocardial infarction | 0.048 | |||
| No | 476 (98.6%) | 417 (99.0%) | 59 (95.2%) | |
| Yes | 7 (1.4%) | 4 (1.0%) | 3 (4.8%) | |
| Cerebral infarction | 0.849 | |||
| No | 478 (99.0%) | 416 (98.8%) | 62 (100%) | |
| Yes | 5 (1.0%) | 5 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Cerebral hemorrhage | 0.266 | |||
| No | 482 (99.8%) | 420 (99.8%) | 62 (100%) | |
| Yes | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Malignant neoplasms | 0.849 | |||
| No | 478 (99.0%) | 416 (98.8%) | 62 (100%) | |
| Yes | 5 (1.0%) | 5 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Other disease | 0.039 | |||
| No | 442 (91.5%) | 390 (92.6%) | 52 (83.9%) | |
| Yes | 41 (8.5%) | 31 (7.4%) | 10 (16.1%) | |
| Vital signs at admissionb | ||||
| Blood pressure | 0.943 | |||
| Hight blood pressure | 34 (7.0%) | 29 (6.9%) | 5 (8.1%) | |
| Normal blood pressure | 449 (93.0%) | 392 (93.1%) | 57 (91.9%) | |
| Breath | < 0.001 | |||
| Breathing faster | 32 (6.6%) | 20 (4.8%) | 12 (19.4%) | |
| Normal breathing | 451 (93.4%) | 401 (95.2%) | 50 (80.6%) | |
| Heart rate | < 0.001 | |||
| Increased heart rate | 32 (6.6%) | 21 (5.0%) | 11 (17.7%) | |
| Normal heart rate | 451 (93.4%) | 400 (95.0%) | 51 (82.3%) | |
| Symptom at admission | 0.897 | |||
| Mild | 45 (9.3%) | 39 (9.3%) | 6 (9.7%) | |
| Moderate | 438 (90.7%) | 382 (90.7%) | 56 (90.3%) | |
| Highest temperature | 0.029 | |||
| Mean (SD, min, max) | 37.7 (0.86, 36.0, 40.0) | 37.7 (0.86, 36.0, 40.0) | 37.9 (0.89, 36.5, 39.9) | |
| Median (IQR) | 37.8 (36.9, 38.4) | 37.7 (36.8, 38.3) | 37.9 (37.2, 38.6) | |
| Temperature distribution | 0.195 | |||
| < 37.5 °C | 176 (36.4%) | 158 (37.5%) | 18 (29.0%) | |
| 37.5–38.0 °C | 112 (23.2%) | 97 (23.0%) | 15 (24.2%) | |
| 38.1–39.0 °C | 137 (28.4%) | 113 (26.8%) | 24 (38.7%) | |
| > 39.0 °C | 58 (12.0%) | 53 (12.6%) | 5 (8.1%) | |
| Cough | 0.524 | |||
| No | 204 (42.2%) | 175 (41.6%) | 29 (46.8%) | |
| Yes | 279 (57.8%) | 246 (58.4%) | 33 (53.2%) | |
| Shortness of breath | 0.041 | |||
| No | 352 (72.9%) | 314 (74.6%) | 38 (61.3%) | |
| Yes | 131 (27.1%) | 107 (25.4%) | 24 (38.7%) | |
| Myalgia | 0.439 | |||
| No | 334 (69.2%) | 288 (68.4%) | 46 (74.2%) | |
| Yes | 149 (30.8%) | 133 (31.6%) | 16 (25.8%) | |
| Running nose | 0.240 | |||
| No | 408 (84.5%) | 352 (83.6%) | 56 (90.3%) | |
| Yes | 75 (15.5%) | 69 (16.4%) | 6 (9.7%) | |
| Arthralgia | 0.263 | |||
| No | 383 (79.3%) | 330 (78.4%) | 53 (85.5%) | |
| Yes | 100 (20.7%) | 91 (21.6%) | 9 (14.5%) | |
| Chest tightness | 0.288 | |||
| No | 365 (75.6%) | 322 (76.5%) | 43 (69.4%) | |
| Yes | 118 (24.4%) | 99 (23.5%) | 19 (30.6%) | |
| Nausea or vomiting | 0.015 | |||
| No | 415 (85.9%) | 355 (84.3%) | 60 (96.8%) | |
| Yes | 68 (14.1%) | 66 (15.7%) | 2 (3.2%) | |
| Headache | 0.892 | |||
| No | 381 (78.9%) | 333 (79.1%) | 48 (77.4%) | |
| Yes | 102 (21.1%) | 88 (20.9%) | 14 (22.6%) | |
| Fatigue | 0.833 | |||
| No | 461 (95.4%) | 401 (95.2%) | 60 (96.8%) | |
| Yes | 22 (4.6%) | 20 (4.8%) | 2 (3.2%) | |
| Pharyngalgia | 0.606 | |||
| No | 481 (99.6%) | 419 (99.5%) | 62 (100%) | |
| Yes | 2 (0.4%) | 2 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Nasal congestion | 0.606 | |||
| No | 481 (99.6%) | 419 (99.5%) | 62 (100%) | |
| Yes | 2 (0.4%) | 2 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Diarrhea | 0.012 | |||
| No | 447 (92.5%) | 395 (93.8%) | 52 (83.9%) | |
| Yes | 36 (7.5%) | 26 (6.2%) | 10 (16.1%) | |
| Chill | ||||
| No | 478 (99.0%) | 417 (99.0%) | 61 (98.4%) | |
| Yes | 5 (1.0%) | 4 (1.0%) | 1 (1.6%) | |
| Laboratory test results at admission c | ||||
| Leukocyte | 0.025 | |||
| Abnormal | 120 (24.8%) | 97 (23.0%) | 23 (37.1%) | |
| Normal | 363 (75.2%) | 324 (77.0%) | 39 (62.9%) | |
| Lymphocyte | < 0.001 | |||
| Abnormal | 87 (18.0%) | 64 (15.2%) | 23 (37.1%) | |
| Normal | 396 (82.0%) | 357 (84.8%) | 39 (62.9%) | |
| Blood glucose | 0.374 | |||
| Abnormal glucose | 24 (5.0%) | 19 (4.5%) | 5 (8.1%) | |
| Normal glucose | 459 (95.0%) | 402 (95.5%) | 57 (91.9%) | |
| Renal function | < 0.001 | |||
| Normal | 472 (97.7%) | 420 (99.8%) | 52 (83.9%) | |
| Abnormal | 11 (2.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 10 (16.1%) | |
| Heart function | < 0.001 | |||
| Normal | 466 (96.5%) | 416 (98.8%) | 50 (80.6%) | |
| Abnormal | 17 (3.5%) | 5 (1.2%) | 12 (19.4%) | |
| Liver function | < 0.001 | |||
| Normal | 463 (95.9%) | 413 (98.1%) | 50 (80.6%) | |
| Abnormal | 20 (4.1%) | 8 (1.9%) | 12 (19.4%) | |
| Urine infection | 0.129 | |||
| No | 435 (90.1%) | 383 (91.0%) | 52 (83.9%) | |
| Yes | 48 (9.9%) | 38 (9.0%) | 10 (16.1%) | |
| Imaging of lung | < 0.001 | |||
| Normal | 458 (94.8%) | 415 (98.6%) | 43 (69.4%) | |
| Abnormal | 25 (5.2%) | 6 (1.4%) | 19 (30.6%) | |
| Mental state before admissiond | 0.076 | |||
| Nervous before admission | 166 (34.4%) | 138 (32.8%) | 28 (45.2%) | |
| Without nervous before admission | 317 (65.6%) | 283 (67.2%) | 34 (54.8%) | |
| Sleep quality since diagnosis | 0.005 | |||
| Bad | 123 (25.5%) | 97 (23.0%) | 26 (41.9%) | |
| Good | 20 (4.1%) | 19 (4.5%) | 1 (1.6%) | |
| Without influence | 340 (70.4%) | 305 (72.4%) | 35 (56.5%) |
aData are n (%) unless otherwise specified; p values demonstrate differences between No conversion to severe and conversion to severe patients. p < 0.05 was considered obviously significant
bHypertension, ≥ 140/90 mmHg; breath, 12–20 times/min; heart rate, 60–100 times/min
cNormal reference value [1]: leukocyte: adult, (4.0–10.0) × 10^9/L; child, (5.0–12.0) × 10^9/L [2]; lymphocyte percentage (Lymph%) 20–40%; lymphocyte absolute value (Lymph #) 1.1–3.2 × 10^9 [3]; fasting whole blood glucose 3.9~6.1 mmol/L, 1 h after meal 6.7~9.4 mmol/L, 2 h after meal ≤ 7.8 mmol/L
dHeart function: tachycardia (100 beats/min)
eLiver function: ALT 0–46 U/L; AST 0–46 U/L
fUrine infection: creatinine (30–110 umol/L)