Table 3.
Patient Characteristics by Treatments
| No./Total No. (%) |
p Value∗ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IFN + LPV/r(n = 83) | LPV/r Alone(n = 122) | IFN + UFV(n = 94) | IFN Alone(n = 39) | UFV Alone(n = 82) | ||
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Female sex | 28 (33.7) | 66 (54.1) | 42 (44.7) | 23 (59) | 43 (52.4) | .021 |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 53 (41.5–62) | 50 (39–61) | 48.5 (35–54) | 52 (41–56) | 48.5 (32–57) | .099 |
| >60 | 23 (27.7) | 34 (27.9) | 10 (10.6) | 6 (15.4) | 15 (18.3) | .012 |
| Hypertension | 19 (22.9) | 24 (19.7) | 21 (22.3) | 6 (15.4) | 16 (19.5) | .876 |
| Diabetes | 9 (10.8) | 13 (10.7) | 6 (6.4) | 1 (2.6) | 3 (3.7) | .180 |
| High-risk exposure | 46 (55.4) | 69 (56.6) | 64 (68.1) | 23 (59) | 57 (69.5) | .158 |
| Admitted to Center 1 | 24 (28.9) | 93 (76.2) | 6 (6.4) | 4 (10.3) | 39 (47.6) | <.001 |
| Clinical Features Within 24 h of Admission | ||||||
| Abnormal CT findings | 82 (98.8) | 118 (96.7) | 94 (100) | 39 (100) | 81 (98.8) | .293 |
| Respiratory rate >22/min | 16 (19.3) | 19 (15.6) | 12 (12.8) | 7 (17.9) | 10 (12.2) | .678 |
| O2 Saturation, % | ||||||
| <90 | 4 (4.8) | 9 (7.4) | 3 (3.2) | 2 (5.1) | 5 (6.1) | .638 |
| 90-93 | 15 (18.1) | 25 (20.5) | 16 (17) | 10(25.6) | 10 (12.2) | |
| >93 | 64 (77.1) | 88 (72.1) | 75 (79.8) | 27 (69.2) | 67 (81.7) | |
| Symptom Count | ||||||
| 0 | 1 (1.2) | 5 (4.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 4 (4.9) | .075 |
| 1 | 21 (25.3) | 39 (32) | 19 (20.2) | 11 (28.2) | 32 (39) | |
| 2 | 42 (50.6) | 62 (50.8) | 57 (60.6) | 21 (53.8) | 36 (43.9) | |
| 3 | 14 (16.9) | 15 (12.3) | 16 (17) | 7 (17.9) | 8 (9.8) | |
| 4 or more | 5 (6) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.4) | |
| Lymphopenia (<1.1 × 109/L) | 37/65 (56.9) | 34/82 (41.5) | 37/83 (44.6) | 17/34 (50) | 23/71 (32.4) | .061 |
| Eosinopenia (<0.02 × 109/L) | 44/64 (68.8) | 46/78 (59) | 57/82 (69.5) | 24/33 (72.7) | 23/67 (34.3) | <.001 |
| Treatment | ||||||
| Time from admission to first IFN dose, days, median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | N/A | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | N/A | <.001 |
| Duration of IFN therapy, days, median (IQR) | 10 (7.5–14) | N/A | 10 (7–12) | 11 (9–13.5) | N/A | .259 |
| Antibiotics | 73 (88) | 95 (77.9) | 80 (85.1) | 30 (76.9) | 66 (80.5) | .308 |
| Lianhua Qingwen capsule | 65 (78.3) | 81 (66.4) | 76 (80.9) | 24 (61.5) | 51 (62.2) | .014 |
| Overall | ||||||
| Length of hospital stay, days, median (IQR) | 21 (18–28) | 23 (17–28) | 17 (13–21) | 16 (14–20.5) | 16.5 (13–22) | <.001 |
| Time from admission to CT scan improvement, days, median (IQR) [no.] | 11 (8–14) [82] | 11 (8–16) [111] | 9 (7–13) [93] | 10 (7–13.5) [39] | 8 (6–12) [80] | <.001 |
| Symptom onset to hospital admission >7 days | 19 (22.9) | 28 (23) | 35 (37.2) | 9 (23.1) | 23 (28) | .134 |
| Time from symptom onset to hospital discharge, days, median (IQR) [no.] | 28 (24–35) [79] | 29 (23–36) [113] | 24 (20–29) [91] | 23 (20–27) [39] | 24 (19–29) [80] | <.001 |
| Severity Category | ||||||
| Mild or asymptomatic | 1 (1.2) | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) | .086 |
| Moderate | 58 (69.8) | 89 (73) | 72 (76.6) | 29 (74.4) | 72 (87.8) | |
| Severe | 12 (14.5) | 14 (11.5) | 13 (13.8) | 8 (20.5) | 6 (7.3) | |
| Critical | 12 (14.5) | 17 (13.9) | 9 (9.6) | 2 (5.1) | 3 (3.7) | |
| SARS-CoV-2 NA-positive | 83 (100) | 115 (94.3) | 89 (94.7) | 33 (84.6) | 50 (61) | <.001 |
| Viral shedding after CT scan improvement | 12 (14.6) | 20 (17.7) | 14 (15.2) | 6 (15.4) | 4 (4.9) | .123 |
| Outcome | ||||||
| Recovered | 82 (98.8) | 113 (92.6) | 93 (98.9) | 39 (100) | 81 (98.8) | .012 |
| Deceased | 1 (1.2) | 9 (7.4) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) | |
Abbreviations: IFN, interferon α-2b; LPV/r, lopinavir and ritonavir; UFV, umifenovir; IQR, inter quartile range; NA, nucleic acids
∗p values were calculated by Pearson chi-Square tests for categorical variables or Kruskal-Wallis 1-way ANOVA for continuous variables across all 5 groups.