Table 2.
Biochemical analysis of rat serum in repeated-dose 28-day study, mean ± SD (number of animals)
| Summary of serum biochemical tests from the repeated-dose 28-day study | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex: Male | ||||||||||||||||
| Test item | Group(mg/kg/day) | |||||||||||||||
| G1(0) | G2(250) | G3(500) | G4(1000) | |||||||||||||
| AST1(IU/L) | 110 | ± | 25 | (5) | 112 | ± | 22 | (5) | 111 | ± | 30 | (5) | 123 | ± | 27 | (5) |
| ALT2(IU/L) | 31 | ± | 11 | (5) | 30 | ± | 5 | (5) | 32 | ± | 6 | (5) | 32 | ± | 7 | (5) |
| GGT3(IU/L) | 0.8 | ± | 0.45 | (5) | 1 | ± | 0 | (5) | 1 | ± | 0 | (5) | 1 | ± | 0 | (5) |
| ALP4(IU/L) | 464 | ± | 59 | (5) | 521 | ± | 122 | (5) | 509 | ± | 12 | (5) | 494 | ± | 32 | (5) |
| BIL5(mg/dL) | 0.02 | ± | 0.01 | (5) | 0.02 | ± | 0.01 | (5) | 0.02 | ± | 0.02 | (5) | 0.05 | ± | 0.05 | (5) |
| BUN6(mg/dL) | 16.3 | ± | 1.8 | (5) | 14.6 | ± | 1.8 | (5) | 14.2 | ± | 1.8 | (5) | 13.3 | ± | 1.8 | (5) |
| CRE7(mg/dL) | 0.45 | ± | 0.02 | (5) | 0.47 | ± | 0.03 | (5) | 0.47 | ± | 0.06 | (5) | 0.45 | ± | 0.01 | (5) |
| UA8(mg/dL) | 0.9 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 0.9 | ± | 0.1 | (5) | 1.1 | ± | 0.3 | (5) | 1.1 | ± | 0.1 | (5) |
| GLU9(mg/dL) | 148 | ± | 30 | (5) | 137 | ± | 15 | (5) | 124 | ± | 26 | (5) | 149 | ± | 30 | (5) |
| CHO10(mg/dL) | 77 | ± | 21 | (5) | 60 | ± | 14 | (5) | 73 | ± | 17 | (5) | 67 | ± | 19 | (5) |
| TG11(mg/dL) | 66 | ± | 34 | (5) | 52 | ± | 25 | (5) | 34 | ± | 10 | (5) | 74 | ± | 48 | (5) |
| PRO12(g/dL) | 5.9 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 5.8 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 5.8 | ± | 0.3 | (5) | 5.9 | ± | 0.2 | (5) |
| ALB13(g/dL) | 2.5 | ± | 0.1 | (5) | 2.3 | ± | 0.1 | (5) | 2.4 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 2.4 | ± | 0.1 | (5) |
| A/G ratio14 | 0.73 | ± | 0.05 | (5) | 0.68 | ± | 0.04 | (5) | 0.69 | ± | 0.03 | (5) | 0.67 | ± | 0.05 | (5) |
| LDH15(IU/L) | 1267 | ± | 464 | (5) | 1129 | ± | 494 | (5) | 1153 | ± | 712 | (5) | 1320 | ± | 656 | (5) |
| CPK16(U/L) | 692 | ± | 219 | (5) | 674 | ± | 243 | (5) | 714 | ± | 382 | (5) | 696 | ± | 321 | (5) |
| Ca17(mg/dL) | 9.7 | ± | 0.4 | (5) | 9.8 | ± | 0.5 | (5) | 9.7 | ± | 0.5 | (5) | 9.7 | ± | 0.4 | (5) |
| IP18(mg/dL) | 8.1 | ± | 0.4 | (5) | 8.1 | ± | 0.6 | (5) | 8.1 | ± | 0.5 | (5) | 8.1 | ± | 0.4 | (5) |
| Mg19(mg/dL) | 2.3 | ± | 0.1 | (5) | 2.2 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 2.3 | ± | 0.1 | (5) | 2.3 | ± | 0.1 | (5) |
| Na20(mmol/L) | 148 | ± | 2 | (5) | 149 | ± | 2 | (5) | 148 | ± | 1 | (5) | 147 | ± | 1 | (5) |
| K21(mmol/L) | 5 | ± | 0.4 | (5) | 5.1 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 4.9 | ± | 0.3 | (5) | 4.8 | ± | 0.3 | (5) |
| Cl22(mmol/L) | 98 | ± | 2 | (5) | 100 | ± | 2 | (5) | 99 | ± | 2 | (5) | 99 | ± | 2 | (5) |
| Sex: Female | ||||||||||||||||
| Test item | Group(mg/kg/day) | |||||||||||||||
| G1(0) | G2(250) | G3(500) | G4(1000) | |||||||||||||
| AST1(IU/L) | 113 | ± | 13 | (5) | 94 | ± | 15 | (5) | 116 | ± | 15 | (5) | 102 | ± | 10 | (5) |
| ALT2(IU/L) | 24 | ± | 3 | (5) | 25 | ± | 3 | (5) | 25 | ± | 7 | (5) | 22 | ± | 4 | (5) |
| GGT3(IU/L) | 1 | ± | 0 | (5) | 0.8 | ± | 0.45 | (5) | 1 | ± | 0 | (5) | 1 | ± | 0 | (5) |
| ALP4(IU/L) | 275 | ± | 57 | (5) | 270 | ± | 73 | (5) | 315 | ± | 45 | (5) | 272 | ± | 50 | (5) |
| BIL5(mg/dL) | 0.08 | ± | 0.01 | (5) | 0.07 | ± | 0.03 | (5) | 0.07 | ± | 0.01 | (5) | 0.08 | ± | 0.02 | (5) |
| BUN6(mg/dL) | 17.2 | ± | 2.3 | (5) | 14.7 | ± | 2.6 | (5) | 16 | ± | 4.8 | (5) | 15 | ± | 1.7 | (5) |
| CRE7(mg/dL) | 0.55 | ± | 0.06 | (5) | 0.47 | ± | 0.03 | (5) | 0.53 | ± | 0.05 | (5) | 0.5 | ± | 0.04 | (5) |
| UA8(mg/dL) | 1.2 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 0.9 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 0.9 | ± | 0.1 | (5) | 1.1 | ± | 0.2 | (5) |
| GLU9(mg/dL) | 117 | ± | 15 | (5) | 133 | ± | 31 | (5) | 118 | ± | 11 | (5) | 128 | ± | 14 | (5) |
| CHO10(mg/dL) | 67 | ± | 6 | (5) | 83 | ± | 12 | (5) | 70 | ± | 11 | (5) | 76 | ± | 22 | (5) |
| TG11(mg/dL) | 19 | ± | 10 | (5) | 39 | ± | 17 | (5) | 24 | ± | 12 | (5) | 28 | ± | 7 | (5) |
| PRO12(g/dL) | 6.5 | ± | 0.3 | (5) | 6.7 | ± | 0.3 | (5) | 6.1 | ± | 0.3 | (5) | 6.5 | ± | 0.3 | (5) |
| ALB13(g/dL) | 2.8 | ± | 0.1 | (5) | 3 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 2.7 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 2.9 | ± | 0.2 | (5) |
| A/G ratio14 | 0.76 | ± | 0.02 | (5) | 0.8 | ± | 0.04 | (5) | 0.77 | ± | 0.05 | (5) | 0.8 | ± | 0.05 | (5) |
| LDH15(IU/L) | 1110 | ± | 390 | (5) | 770 | ± | 271 | (5) | 1094 | ± | 416 | (5) | 986 | ± | 371 | (5) |
| CPK16(U/L) | 665 | ± | 203 | (5) | 476 | ± | 176 | (5) | 605 | ± | 157 | (5) | 573 | ± | 177 | (5) |
| Ca17(mg/dL) | 10.1 | ± | 0.3 | (5) | 10.2 | ± | 0.3 | (5) | 9.9 | ± | 0.4 | (5) | 10.3 | ± | 0.3 | (5) |
| IP18(mg/dL) | 7.5 | ± | 0.5 | (5) | 7.2 | ± | 0.5 | (5) | 7.4 | ± | 0.7 | (5) | 7.5 | ± | 1 | (5) |
| Mg19(mg/dL) | 2.4 | ± | 0.1 | (5) | 2.3 | ± | 0.1 | (5) | 2.4 | ± | 0 | (5) | 2.4 | ± | 0.1 | (5) |
| Na20(mmol/L) | 146 | ± | 1 | (5) | 145 | ± | 2 | (5) | 144 | ± | 2 | (5) | 146 | ± | 1 | (5) |
| K21(mmol/L) | 4.7 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 4.6 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 4.5 | ± | 0.1 | (5) | 4.6 | ± | 0.4 | (5) |
| Cl22(mmol/L) | 98 | ± | 2 | (5) | 100 | ± | 1 | (5) | 102** | ± | 2 | (5) | 99 | ± | 1 | (5) |
1: Aspartate aminotransferase, 2: Alanine aminotransferase, 3: Gamma(γ)-glutamyl transferase, 4: Alkaline phosphatase, 5: Total bilirubin, 6: Blood urea nitrogen, 7: Creatinine, 8: Uric acid, 9: Glucose, 10: Total cholesterol, 11: Triglyceride, 12: Total protein, 13: Albumin, 14: Albumin/Globulin ratio, 15: Lactate dehydrogenase, 16: Creatine phosphokinase, 17: Calcium, 18: Inorganic phosphorus, 19: Magnesium, 20: Sodium, 21: Potassium, 22: Chloride
**: Significant difference compared with the vehicle control group, P < 0.01