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. 2020 Jul 17;17:213. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-01866-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Evidence of enhanced proinflammatory glial cell phenotype in the striatum of Nlrp3^L351P animals. a Striatal tissue sections from 18-month-old animals were probed with anti-IBA1 antibodies followed by BOND polymer detection. Microglial activation can be visualized in animals harboring the Nlrp3^L351P allele (bottom panel), compared to their WT littermates (top panel). Scale bars represent 20 μM. There are significantly more activated microglia in tissues from animals expressing Nlrp3^L351P compared with tissues from Nlrp3^WT animals (* p = 0.0164, t test). Error bars represent s.e.m. b Adjacent striatal sections were stained with anti-GFAP antibodies. GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes in Nlrp3^L351P animals have an increased activation phenotype (bottom panel), compared to Nlrp3^WT animals (top panel). Scale bars represent 20 μM. Quantitation revealed significantly more total astrocytes (* p = 0.0217, t test) as well as significantly more activated astrocytes (*** p = 0.0005, t test) in striatal tissues from Nlrp3^L351P animals compared to controls. Error bars represent s.e.m. c Expression of A1 astrocyte markers, Ggta1, H2-D1, C3, were assessed in 18-month-old animals. RNA was isolated from striatal tissues, reversed transcribed, and mRNA was measured by real-time PCR. Ggta1, H2-D1, and C3 levels were significantly elevated in Nlrp3^L351P mice compared to Nlrp3^WT animals (**** p < 0.0001, **** p < 0.0001, ** p = 0.009 respectively, one-way ANOVA). Error bars represent s.e.m.