Table 1.

Studies in rodents examining diet-related effects and their epigenetic inheritance

Inheritance	Species	Nutritional exposure	Exposed parent	Analyzed generation	Analyzed sex	Inheritance lineage			IVF	Epigenetic mark	References
						F0 —> F1	F1 —> F2	F2 —> F3
In utero	Rat	LPD	M	F1	m + f	M			N	–	Sayer et al. (2001)
	Rat	LPD	M	F0–F1	m	M			N	–	Passos et al. (2000)
	Rat	CR	M	F0–F1	m + f	M			N	–	Desai et al. (2007)
	Mouse	LPD	M	F1	m	M			N	–	Crossland et al. (2017)
	Mouse	LPD	M	F1	m	M			N	meDNA	Balasa et al. (2011)
	Rat	LPD	M	F1	m	M			N	–	Cavariani et al. (2019)
	Rat	LPD	M	F1	m	M			N	–	Rodriguez-Gonzalez et al. (2014)
	Rat	LPD	M	F1	m	M			N	–	Toledo et al. (2011)
	Mouse	CR	M	F1	m + f	M			N	–	Jimenez-Chillaron et al. (2005)
	Mouse	HFD	M	F1	m + f	M			N	meHistone, acHistone	Masuyama and Hiramatsu (2012)
	Rat	HFD	M + P	F1	m	P			N	–	Buckley et al. (2005)
	Mouse	HFD	M	F1	m	M			N	meDNA	Cannon et al. (2014)
	Mouse	HFD	M	F0–F1	m + f	M			N	meDNA	Ge et al. (2014)
	Mouse	Methyl supplementation	M	F1	m + f	M			N	–	Wolff et al. (1998)
	Mouse	CR	M	F1	m	M			N	meDNA, acHistone	Zelko et al. (2019)
	Rat	CR	M	F1	m	M			N	acHistone	Zhu et al. (2016)
Intergenerational	Mouse	LPD	P	F1	m + f	P			N	meDNA	Carone et al. (2010)
	Mouse	CR	M	F1–F2	m	M	P		N	meDNA	Radford et al. (2014)
	Mouse	CR	M	F1–F2	m + f	M	M, P, M + P		N	–	Jimenez-Chillaron et al. (2009)
	Mouse	CR	M	F1–F2	m + f	M	M, P, M + P		N	–	Kaczmarek et al. (2016)
	Rat	CR	M	F1–F2	m + f	M	M, P		N	–	Harper et al. (2014)
	Mouse	LPD	P	F0–F1	m	P			Y	smallRNA	Sharma et al. (2016)
	Mouse	HFD	M	F1–F2	f	M	M		N	meHistone, acHistone	Masuyama et al. (2015)
	Mouse	HFD	M	F0–F2	m	M	M		N	–	Graus-Nunes et al. (2015)
	Rat	HFD	M	F0–F2	m + f	M	M		N	–	Huang et al. (2017)
	Rat	HFD	P	F0–F1	f	P			N	meDNA	Ng et al. (2010)
	Rat	HFD	P	F1	f	P			N	–	Ng et al. (2014)
	Mouse	HFD	P	F0–F1	m	P			N	–	Fullston et al. (2015)
	Mouse	HFD	P	F1	m + f	P			N	meDNA	Wei et al. (2014)
	Mouse	HFD	M + P	F0–F1	m + f	M, P, M + P			Y	–	Huypens et al. (2016)
	Mouse	HFD	M	F0–F2	m + f	M	M, P, M + P		N	meDNA	Dunn and Bale (2009)
	Mouse	± folic acid	M	F0–F2	m	M	P		N	meDNA	Ly et al. (2017)
	Rat	Methyl depletion	P	F1	m	P			N	–	McCoy et al. (2018)
	Mouse	Methyl supplementation	M	F0–F2	m + f	M	P		N	–	Cropley et al. (2006)
	Mouse	HFD	M	F1–F2	m + f	M	P		Y	tsRNAs	Sarker et al. (2019)
	Mouse	HFD	P	F0–F1	m	P			N	lncRNAs	An et al. (2017)
Transgenerational	Mouse	LPD	M	F1–F3	m	M	M	M	N	–	Frantz et al. (2011)
	Rat	CR	M	F1–F3	f	M	M	M	N	–	Nowacka-Woszuk et al. (2018)
	Rat	LPD + CR	M + P	> 50 generations	m + f	F0 —> F50 M + P			N	meHistone, acHistone	Hardikar et al. (2015)
	Mouse	HFD	M	F3	m + f	M	P	P	N	–	Dunn and Bale (2011)
	Mouse	HFD	P	F0–F3	m + f	M	P	P	Y	meDNA	Sarker et al. (2018)
	Mouse	HFD	P	F0–F2	m + f	P	M, P		N	meDNA	Fullston et al. (2013)
	Mouse	HFD	P	F0–F2	m + f	P	M, P		N	–	Fullston et al. (2012)
	Rat	HFD	P	F0–F2	m + f	P	P		N	meDNA, sncRNAs	de Castro et al.(2016)
	Rat	HFD	P	F2	f	P	P		N	–	de Castro et al. (2019)
	Mouse	HFD/HSD	M	F0–F3	m + f	M	P	P	Y	–	Ferey et al. (2019)
	Rat	Vinclozolin	M	F0–F3	m	M	P	P	N	acHistone, meDNA, sncRNA	Ben Maamar et al. (2018)
	Rat	BPA	M	F1–F3	m + f	M	M + P	M + P	N	meDNA	Manikkam et al. (2013)
	Rat	BPA	M	F1–F3	m	M	P	P	N	–	Salian et al. (2009)

Comprehensive overview of published studies that examine inter- and transgenerational inheritance of diet-related effects in rodent models and selection of studies of in utero effects

HFD high-fat diet, LPD isocaloric low protein diet, CR caloric restriction, BPA bisphenol A, HFD/HSD high-fat and high sugar diet, M maternal, P paternal, M + P parental, m males, f females, m + f males and females, Y yes, N no, meDNA DNA methylation, meHistone Histone methylation, acHistone Histone acetylation, sncRNA small non-coding RNA, tsRNA tRNA derived small RNA, lncRNA long non-coding RNA