Table 2.
The demographic characteristics of the study participants with the presence or absence of pain in the lower limbs.
| Characteristics | All (N = 4,661) Mean ± SD∗ | No or single-site pain (n = 2,946) Mean ± SD∗ | Multisite pain (n = 1,716) Mean ± SD∗ | p ∗∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.2 ± 9.1 | 61.4 ± 9.3 | 61.0 ± 8.9 | 0.087 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.8 ± 4.8 | 28.4 ± 4.6 | 29.2 ± 5.0 | <0.001 |
| n (%)∗∗∗ | n (%)∗∗∗ | n (%)∗∗∗ | ||
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 1,944 (41.7) | 1,383 (46.9) | 561 (32.7) | |
| Female | 2,718 (58.3) | 1,563 (53.1) | 1,155 (67.3) | |
| Race | 0.143 | |||
| Caucasian | 3,667 (78.7) | 2,337 (79.3) | 1,330 (77.5) | |
| African Americans/Asians/other | 995 (21.3) | 609 (20.7) | 386 (22.5) | |
| Educational status | 0.366 | |||
| Primary school or less | 167 (3.6) | 100 (3.4) | 67 (3.9) | |
| High school or more | 4,495 (96.4) | 2,846 (96.6) | 1,649 (96.1) | |
| Marital status | 0.012 | |||
| Married | 3,071 (66) | 1,980 (67.2) | 1,091 (63.6) | |
| Unmarried/divorced/widowed | 1,591 (34.1) | 966 (32.8) | 625 (36.4) | |
| Employment status | 0.039 | |||
| Employed | 2,888 (61.9) | 1,858 (63.1) | 1,030 (40) | |
| Not employed | 1,774 (38.1) | 1,088 (36.9) | 1,030 (60) | |
| Income status | 0.002 | |||
| ≥$50,000/year | 2,909 (62.4) | 1,898 (64.4) | 1,011 (58.1) | |
| <$50,000/year | 1,753 (37.6) | 1,048 (35.6) | 705 (41.1) | |
| Charlson comorbidity index | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 3,445 (73.9) | 2,271 (77.1) | 1,174 (68.4) | |
| ≥1 | 1,217 (26) | 675 (22.9) | 542 (31.6) | |
| Depressive symptoms | <0.001 | |||
| CESD <16 | 4,187 (89.8) | 2,697 (91.5) | 1,490 (86.8) | |
| CESD ≥16 | 475 (10.2) | 249 (8.5) | 226 (13.2) | |
∗Values are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD). ∗∗Independent t-test was used to determine p values. ∗∗∗Values are presented as number (percent). BMI, body mass index; $, the United States dollar; CESD, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression.