Figure 4.

Ceftriaxone calcium crystals increased oxidative stress. (a, b) DHE fluorescence in the kidney tissue ((a) NC group, (b) group 1, bars = 100 μm). (c) Graph representing mean DHE fluorescence. (d) Concentrations of H₂O₂ in the kidney tissue. (e) Concentrations of MDA in the kidney tissue. (f–h) Representative western blots and quantitative analysis for Nrf2 (f), HO-1 (g), and NQO1 (h) expression in the kidney tissues. β-Actin was used as the internal control. (i–k,) mRNA levels of Nrf2 (i), HO-1 (j), and NQO1 (k) in vivo (the results are expressed as mean ± SD; ^∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group, ^∗∗P < 0.01 compared with the control group).