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Ceftriaxone calcium crystals induced cell apoptosis. (a, c, e) SEM images of the control group for 6, 12, and 24 h. (b, d, f) HK-2 cells were treated with ceftriaxone calcium crystals (500 μg/mL) for 6, 12, and 24 hours, and SEM images were documented (bars = 1 μm). (g) Dose-dependent effects of ceftriaxone calcium crystals on HK-2 cell viability (the results are expressed as mean ± SD; ∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group).
