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Podocyte apoptosis. HG can stimulate the upregulation of TGF-β, mTOR, Notch, AngII, Sam68, ROS, and ERS signal pathways, inhibit the activity of AMPK and expression of Bcl-2, and activate the apoptosis pathways of p53, Bax, caspase-3, P38MAPK, CD2AP/PI3-K, and caspase-12, to induce podocyte apoptosis.
