Figure 2: Veillonella atypica gavage improves treadmill runtime in mice.

A: Mice gavaged with Veillonella atypica have greater maximum run time per week than mice gavaged with Lactobacillus bulgaricus in an AB/BA crossover trial. Data shown are the maximum run time out of 3 days of consecutive treadmill running for a given treatment (all mice switched treatments second week). The jitter plot shows each mouse as an individual point, with the central bar representing the mean and error bars representing s.e.m. (n = 32). (*P = 0.02, using two-sided paired t-test). B: Generalized linear mixed effect models (GLMMs) predicting runtime in the 2 week AB/BA crossover trial. The Y-axis shows seconds run on treadmill until exhaustion and the X-axis shows days which the mice were run in the 2 week crossover. Color of lines (GLMM fits) and points (runs by an arbitrary mouse) represents treatment sequence; shape of points represents treatment at a given time point. These models incorporate both random effects (individual variation per mouse that manifests longitudinally) and fixed effects (treatment day, treatment sequence, and treatment given). Visualization of all longitudinal data points with the GLMM predictions overlayed show both the effect of Veillonella atypica increasing performance on both sides of the crossover when aggregated by treatment group (thick lines) as well as the trends for each of the 32 individual mice (thin lines). (*P=0.016, Wald-Z test on model coefficients).