Table 2.
Anthropometric measures and demographic information
| Participants (n) | DMD total | Healthy controls | DMD ambulatory | DMD non-ambulatory | ||
| 44 | 11 | 13 | 31 | |||
| Anthropometric measurements | mean±SD [range] | p-value | mean±SD [range] | p-value | ||
| Z-score*±SD | Z-score*±SD | |||||
| Age (years) | 13.6±4.0 | 14.0±2.3 | 0.264 | 10.9±1.9 | 14.7±4.1 | <0.001 |
| [8.4, 24.3] | [11.5, 18.4] | [8.4, 14.5] | [8.5, 24.3] | |||
| Height (cm) | 145.8±16.5 | 165±11.5 | <0.001 | 134±11.0 | 151±15.7 | <0.001 |
| [117, 180] | [151, 183] | [117, 150] | [122, 180] | |||
| – 1.20±1.60 | 0.38±0.95 | <0.001 | – 1.40±1.70 | – 1.10±1.56 | 0.599 | |
| Weight (kg) | 50.9±19.1 | 53.0±14.3 | 0.711 | 39.0±12.9 | 56.1±19.3 | 0.002 |
| [18.6, 103] | [36.8, 79.0] | [22, 68.2] | [18.6, 103] | |||
| 0.15±2.03 | 0.03±1.00 | 0.607 | 0.09±1.41 | 0.18±2.30 | 0.549 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7±7.8 | 19.2±2.9 | 0.027 | 21.4±4.5 | 24.7±8.8 | 0.176 |
| [11.3, 51.1] | [15.6, 25.0] | [15.5, 32.4] | [11.3, 51.1] | |||
| 0.76±2.23 | – 0.21±0.98 | 0.002 | 1.10±0.82 | 0.59±2.65 | 0.6898 | |
| Race/Ethnicity | n (% ) | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 32 (73) | 8 (73) | 11 (85) | 21 (68) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3 (7) | 2 (18) | 2 (15) | 1 (3) | ||
| Hispanic | 7 (16) | 0 | 0 (0) | 7 (23) | ||
| Other | 2 (5) | 0 | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | ||
| Corticosteroids | n (% ) | |||||
| Currently taking | 33 (75) | 0 (0) | 13 (100) | 20 (65) | ||
| Currently not-taking | 11 (25) | 11 (100) | 0 (0) | 11 (35) | ||
*For each study group, the average Z-score for height, weight, and BMI based on age and sex was calculated using CDC growth charts of males between 2 and 20 years of age [16].