| Vinpocetine |
PDE1 [224] |
Ineffective for the treatment of AD [253, 254]. May hold promise for the treatment of MCI and dementia [255–258]. |
| Nicergoline |
PDE1 and cGMP-stimulated PDE2 [259] |
May be effective for the treatment of dementia [273]. Inconclusive whether effective for the treatment of AD [273–277]. |
| Deprenyl/selegiline |
PDE1A2 [224, 279] |
Only short-term improvements in AD [289]. |
| Cilostazol |
PDE3 |
May be associated with a lower risk of incident dementia [313]. May slow cognitive decline in MCI, mild dementia, and AD patients [69, 314, 315, 316–318]. Inconclusive whether effective for the treatment of AD [69, 317–319]. |
| Denbufylline |
PDE4 [321] |
Inconclusive whether effective for AD [327, 328]. |
| Sildenafil |
PDE5 [71] |
No clinical trials yet performed of sildenafil for AD. |
| PF-04447943 and BI 409, 306 |
PDE9 |
Not effective for AD [341, 342]. |
| Caffeine |
Broad-spectrum PDE inhibitor |
No clinical trials performed. May decrease risk of dementia, cognitive decline, and AD [213, 364, 367–372]. |
| Propentofylline |
Broad-spectrum PDE inhibitor [340] |
May be effective and indicated for the treatment of vascular dementia and AD [375, 376, 387–391]. |
