. 2020 May 29;21(8):955–966. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2019.0831

Table 2. Benign and Malignant Nipple Pathologies.

Pathologies	Histologic Features	Imaging Features		Treatment
Pathologies	Histologic Features	B-Mode	Color Doppler Mode (Vascularity)	Treatment
Duct ectasia	Nonspecific duct dilatation (> 2 mm)	Duct changes	-	Antibiotics, duct excision
Abscess	Localized collection of pus	Circumscribed/non-circumscribed mass	+ (vessels in rim)	Antibiotics
Epidermal inclusion cyst	Keratin containing cyst	Circumscribed mass + enhancement	-	Surgery
Eczema	Skin edema and perivascular lymphocytic infiltration	Thickening of skin > 2 mm	+	Topical steroids
Leiomyoma	Smooth muscle cell benign tumor	Circumscribed mass + enhancement	+	Surgery
Fibroepithelial polyp	Superficial polyp	Mass on skin	+ (vascular pedicle)	Surgery
Adenoma	Benign epithelial proliferation located outside ducts	Circumscribed/non-circumscribed mass + enhancement	+	Surgery
Papilloma	Benign intraductal epithelial proliferation	^• Circumscribed mass	+	Surgery
		^• Complex cystic-solid mass	+
		^• Duct changes	+
Invasive primary carcinomas	In situ/invasive carcinomas	^• Swollen nipple^*	+	Surgery +/-
	- malignant cells originating in ducts (50%), lobules (21%) or both (29%)	^• Non-circumscribed mass +/- shadowing	+	Chemo-/Radiotherapy
		^• Complex cystic-solid mass	+
		^• Duct changes	+
		^• Microcalcifications	-
Paget's disease	Malignant cells within squamous epithelium of nipple	^• Nipple asymmetry +/- nipple flattening +/- skin thickening	+^*	Surgery +/-
		^• Non-circumscribed mass	+	Radiotherapy
		^• Duct changes	+
		^• Microcalcifications	-

^*Findings compared to contralateral nipple. + = internal vascularity present, − = internal vascularity absent