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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020 Jan 20;59(12):1353–1363.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.11.022

FIGURE 1. Characterization of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Subgroups.

FIGURE 1

Note: (A) Estimated means for latent profile subgroups. (B) Average z scores and standard errors (SE) for each subgroup. The z scores were calculated based on means and standard deviations for all ASD participants. Averages and SE for each subgroup were calculated after generating 100 data sets using pseudo-draws to assign group membership and pooling the results. (C) Sex differences in the proportion of male and female participants in each latent class subgroup. A higher proportion of girls are classified into the HPMI (red) group than boys. ASD = autism spectrum disorder; Depressive = Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Depressive Problems; Anxiety = CBCL Anxiety Problems; ADHD = CBCL attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems; ODD = CBCL Oppositional Defiant Problems; Living = Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) Daily Living Skills; Comm = VABS Communication Skills; Social = VABS Socialization Skills; Motor = VABS Motor Skills; DQ = Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) Developmental Quotient; CSS = Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Calibrated Severity Score; ASD-F = female participant with ASD; ASD-M = male participant with ASD.