Table 1.
Age, anthropometrics, biomarkers of iron, vitamin A and inflammation, and prevalence of iron deficiency, anemia, iron deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency and inflammation in the birth cohort study of Kenyan infants.
| 10 weeks | 14 weeks | 24 weeks | 12 months | 18 months | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, wk or mo | 10.4 (10.4 − 10.8) (n = 262) |
14.8 (14.4 − 15.2) (n = 287) |
27.6 (26.2 − 28.4) (n = 285) |
13.5 (13.1 − 14.4) (n = 285) |
19.9 (19.5 − 20.8) (n = 289) |
| Height-for-age z-score | −1.37 (−2.52 −0.37) (n = 260) |
−1.52 (−2.63 − 0.48) (n = 280) |
−1.36 (−2.22 − 0.49) (n = 279) |
−1.72 (−2.44 −1.04) (n = 280) |
−1.87 (−2.63 −1.22) (n = 282) |
| Stunting, n (%) | 99 (38.1) | 102 (36.4) | 81 (29.0) | 115 (41.1) | 125 (44.3) |
| Weight-for-age z-score | −0.55 (−1.27 − 0.03) (n = 260) |
−0.56 (−1.34 −0.10) (n = 280) |
−0.72 (−1.38 − 0.03) (n = 279) |
−0.97 (−1.51 − 0.30) (n = 280) |
−1.09 (−1.67 − 0.51) (n = 283) |
| Underweight, n (%) | 31 (11.9) | 35 (12.5) | 28 (10.0) | 37 (13.2) | 46 (16.3) |
| Weight-for-height z-score | 0.85 (−0.15 − 1.83) (n = 262) |
0.78 (−0.37 − 1.83) (n = 282) |
0.16 (−0.54 − 1.09) (n = 286) |
−0.13 (−0.80 − 0.53) (n = 282) |
−0.13 (−0.96 − 0.55) (n = 291) |
| Wasting, n (%) | 8 (3.1) | 8 (2.8) | 10 (3.5) | 12 (4.3) | 16 (5.5) |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 10.3 (9.7 − 11.1) (n = 254) |
10.4 (9.6 − 11.1) (n = 284) |
9.0 (8.0 − 9.9) (n = 283) |
9.0 (8.1 − 9.9) (n = 282) |
9.4 (8.5 − 10.3) (n = 293) |
| Serum ferritin, μg/L | 171.6 (134.2 − 189.8) (n = 90) |
153.5 (126.8 − 180.8) (n = 127) |
23.4 (12.4 − 64.9) (n = 160) |
12.0 (7.0 − 35.7) (n = 145) |
12.6 (6.2 − 32.4) (n = 137) |
| Serum transferrin receptor, mg/L | 4.1 (3.0 − 6.0) (n = 90) |
4.6 (3.2 − 6.7) (n = 127) |
8.3 (6.8 − 10.6) (n = 160) |
- | - |
| Anemia, n (%) | 136 (53.5) | 149 (52.5) | 263 (92.9) | 263 (93.3) | 258 (88.1) |
| Mild anemia, n (%) | 84 (33.0) | 84 (29.6) | 44 (15.5) | 48 (17.0) | 58 (19.8) |
| Moderate anemia, n (%) | 52 (20.5) | 64 (22.5) | 187 (66.1) | 199 (70.6) | 180 (61.4) |
| Severe anemia, n (%) | - | 1 (0.4) | 32 (11.3) | 16 (5.7) | 20 (6.8) |
| Iron deficiency, n (%) | - | - | 92 (57.5) | 72 (49.7) | 64 (47.1) |
| Iron deficiency anemia, n (%) | - | - | 87 (56.9) | 70 (48.6) | 57 (41.9) |
| Retinol binding protein, μmol/L | 0.37 (0.28 − 0.52) (n = 90) |
0.36 (0.28 − 0.50) (n = 127) |
0.74 (0.56 − 0.89) (n = 160) |
- | - |
| Vitamin A deficiency, n (%) | 75 (46.9) | - | - | ||
| α-glycoprotein, g/L | 0.23 (0.14 − 0.33) (n = 90) |
0.24 (0.15 − 0.39) (n = 127) |
0.71 (0.45 − 1.21) (n = 160) | - | - |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 0.24 (0.13 − 0.89) (n = 90) |
0.30 (0.18 − 0.92) (n = 127) |
1.0 (0.28 − 5.42) (n = 160) |
0.92 (0.21 − 3.68) (n = 146) |
0.78 (0.22 − 2.94) (n = 132) |
| Inflammation, n (%) | 10 (11.1) | 8 (6.3) | 59 (36.9) | 31 (21.2) | 22 (16.7) |
Data as medians (IQR). Definitions of stunting, underweight, wasting, anemia, iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency and inflammation are given in the text.