Table 3.
Associations between hemoglobin (Hb) and moderate to severe anemia (Hb <9.5 g/dl), and anti-diphtheria, anti-pertussis, anti-pneumococcus serotype 19, and anti-measles serum IgG concentrations and/or seroconversion, in the birth cohort of Kenyan infants.
| DIPHTHERIA | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| B | Standard error of B | Standardized β | |
| Anti-diphtheria IgG at 24 weeks: R2 = 0.087 | |||
| Sex | 0.036 | 0.056 | 0.052 |
| Birthweight | −0.505 | 0.441 | −0.099 |
| Anti-diphtheria IgG in cord blood | 0.048 | 0.051 | 0.073 |
| Anti-diphtheria IgG at age 10 wk | 0.091 | 0.052 | 0.139 |
| Height-for-age z-score (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | −0.014 | 0.023 | −0.053 |
| Hemoglobin (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | 1.905 | 0.698 | 0.221 (p = 0.0071) |
| Anti-diphtheria IgG at 18 months: R2 = 0.165 | |||
| Sex | 0.030 | 0.052 | 0.041 |
| Birthweight | 0.906 | 0.414 | 0.169 (p = 0.0300) |
| Anti-diphtheria IgG in cord blood | −0.103 | 0.048 | −0.151 (p = 0.0322) |
| Anti-diphtheria IgG at age 10 wk | 0.223 | 0.050 | 0.315 (p < 0.0001) |
| Height-for-age z-score (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | 0.016 | 0.022 | 0.054 |
| Hemoglobin (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | 1.488 | 0.624 | 0.172 (p = 0.0182) |
| Odds ratio | 95% CI | ||
| Seronegative at 18 months: R2 = 0.243 | |||
| Sex | 0.7 | 0.331, 1.456 | |
| Birthweight | 1.0 | 0.997, 0.999 (p = 0.0007) | |
| Anti-diphtheria IgG in cord blood | 1.5 | 0.564, 3.991 | |
| Anti-diphtheria IgG at age 10 wk | 0.01 | 0.001, 0.143 (p = 0.0005) | |
| Height-for-age z-score (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | 1.0 | 0.744, 1.385 | |
| Hemoglobin <9.5 g/dl (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | 2.1 | 1.005, 4.573 (p = 0.0484) | |
| PERTUSSIS | |||
| B | Standard error of B | Standardized β | |
| Anti-toxin IgG at 24 weeks: R2 = 0.336 | |||
| Sex | −0.171 | 0.133 | −0.112 |
| Birthweight | −0.098 | 1.138 | −0.009 |
| Anti-toxin IgG in cord blood | −0.705 | 0.116 | −0.527 (p < 0.0001) |
| Weight-for-age z-score (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | 0.044 | 0.072 | 0.066 |
| Hemoglobin (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | 3.052 | 1.417 | 0.187 (p = 0.0339) |
| Anti-toxin IgG at 18 months: R2 = 0.313 | |||
| Sex | −0.159 | 0.112 | −0.105 |
| Birthweight | 1.547 | 0.950 | 0.143 |
| Anti-toxin IgG in cord blood | −0.625 | 0.096 | −0.487 (p < 0.0001) |
| Weight-for-age z-score (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | −0.006 | 0.059 | −0.009 |
| Hemoglobin (mean at 10 to 24) | 2.474 | 1.167 | 0.156 (p = 0.0360) |
| Anti-Filamentous hemagglutinin IgG at 24 weeks: R2 = 0.055 | |||
| Sex | −0.078 | 0.094 | −0.086 |
| Birthweight | 0.181 | 0.802 | 0.029 |
| Anti-filamentous hemagglutinin IgG in cord blood | −0.052 | 0.090 | −0.060 |
| Weight-for-age z-score (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | −0.024 | 0.051 | −0.061 |
| Hemoglobin (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | 2.056 | 0.998 | 0.213 (p = 0.0423) |
| PNEUMOCOCCUS 19 | |||
| B | Standard error of B | Standardized β | |
| Anti-pneumococcus 19 IgG at 18 months: R2 = 0.091 | |||
| Sex | 0.020 | 0.084 | 0.018 |
| Birthweight | 1.278 | 0.679 | 0.151 |
| Anti-pneumococcus 19 in cord blood | 0.001 | 0.058 | 0.002 |
| Anti-pneumococcus 19 at age 10 wk | 0.162 | 0.067 | 0.183 (p = 0.0165) |
| Height-for-age z-score (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | −0.011 | 0.037 | −0.023 |
| Hemoglobin (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | 2.562 | 1.019 | 0.188 (p = 0.0129) |
| Odds ratio | 95% CI | ||
| Seronegative at 18 months: R2 = 0.109 | |||
| Sex | 0.9 | 0.456, 1.668 | |
| Birthweight | 1.0 | 0.999, 1.000 | |
| Anti-pneumococcus 19 in cord blood | 1.1 | 0.997, 1.266 | |
| Anti-pneumococcus 19 at age 10 wk | 0.7 | 0.490, 1.041 | |
| Height-for-age z-score (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | 1.0 | 0.763, 1.370 | |
| Hemoglobin <9.5g/dl (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | 2.2 | 1.136, 4.404 (p = 0.0199) | |
| MEASLES | |||
| Odds ratio | 95% CI | ||
| Seronegative at 12 months: R2 = 0.122 | |||
| Sex | 0.8 | 0.144, 4.896 | |
| Birthweight | 1.0 | 0.998, 1.002 | |
| Anti-measles IgG in cord blood | 1.1 | 0.770, 1.516 | |
| Height-for-age z-score (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | 1.0 | 0.481, 1.966 | |
| Hemoglobin <9.5 g/dl (mean at 10 to 24 wk) | 5.1 | 0.831, 31.756 (p = 0.0783) | |
Analyzed using linear and logistic regression analyses.