Table 4.
Results of univariate ordinal logistic model using three levels of severity as response
| Variable | Level | β | OR | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and clinical characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | <40 | Ref | |||
| 40–69 | 1.091 | 2.978 | 1.722–5.150 | <0.0001 | |
| ⩾70 | 2.139 | 8.492 | 4.548–15.857 | <0.0001 | |
| Gender | Male | 0.408 | 1.503 | 1.064–2.124 | 0.0207 |
| Female | Ref | ||||
| Smoking status | Never | Ref | |||
| Current | −0.399 | 0.671 | 0.336–1.340 | 0.2581 | |
| Former | −0.361 | 0.697 | 0.221–2.200 | 0.5387 | |
| Hypertension | Present | 1.503 | 4.493 | 3.155–6.399 | <0.0001 |
| Absent | Ref | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | Present | 0.117 | 1.124 | 0.574–2.199 | 0.7333 |
| Absent | Ref | ||||
| Diabetes | Present | 0.772 | 2.164 | 1.363–3.437 | 0.0011 |
| Absent | Ref | ||||
| Carcinoma | Present | 0.788 | 2.198 | 0.963–5.019 | 0.0614 |
| Absent | Ref | ||||
| COPD | Present | 0.101 | 1.107 | 0.327–3.747 | 0.8708 |
| Absent | Ref | ||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | Present | 0.148 | 1.159 | 0.458–2.931 | 0.7549 |
| Absent | Ref | ||||
| Fever | Absent | Ref | |||
| Present | 0.041 | 1.042 | 0.653–1.662 | 0.8640 | |
| Dry cough | Absent | Ref | |||
| Present | 0.038 | 1.039 | 0.726–1.487 | 0.8353 | |
| Sputum production | Absent | Ref | |||
| Present | −0.175 | 0.840 | 0.577–1.222 | 0.3609 | |
| Pharyngodynia | Absent | Ref | |||
| Present | −0.917 | 0.400 | 0.170–0.940 | 0.0356 | |
| Chest pain | Absent | Ref | |||
| Present | 0.077 | 1.080 | 0.495–2.356 | 0.8459 | |
| Shortness of breath | Absent | Ref | |||
| Present | 1.135 | 3.112 | 2.148–4.507 | <0.0001 | |
| Early administration of antiviral | Present | Ref | |||
| Absent | 0.465 | 1.592 | 1.138–2.227 | 0.0066 | |
| Interval between illness onset and diagnosis | 0.079 | 1.082 | 1.048–1.116 | <0.0001 | |
| Interval between illness onset and admission | 0.110 | 1.116 | 1.083–1.150 | <0.0001 | |
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| CRP (mg/l) | >100 | 1.813 | 6.126 | 3.400–11.039 | <0.0001 |
| 5–100 | 0.543 | 1.722 | 1.053–2.816 | 0.0304 | |
| <5 | Ref | ||||
| WBC count (×109/l) | <4 | Ref | |||
| 4–10 | 0.186 | 1.204 | 0.735–1.973 | 0.460 | |
| >10 | 1.228 | 3.416 | 1.834–6.360 | 0.0001 | |
| Neutrophil count (×109/l) | >6.3 | 1.358 | 3.887 | 1.601–9.442 | 0.0027 |
| 1.8–6.3 | 0.416 | 1.516 | 0.650–3.536 | 0.3360 | |
| <1.8 | Ref | ||||
| Lymphocyte count (×109/l) | <0.5 | 0.987 | 2.684 | 1.508–4.776 | 0.0008 |
| 0.5–1.1 | 0.449 | 1.567 | 1.096–2.239 | 0.0138 | |
| ⩾1.1 | Ref | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/l) | ⩾130 | Ref | |||
| <130 | 0.435 | 1.545 | 1.104–2.162 | 0.0112 | |
| Platelet count (×109/l) | <125 | Ref | |||
| 125–350 | 0.315 | 1.370 | 0.802–2.341 | 0.2498 | |
| >350 | 1.299 | 3.666 | 1.612–8.335 | 0.0019 | |
| ALT –(μ/l) | >50 | 1.331 | 3.783 | 2.593–5.521 | <0.0001 |
| ⩽50 | Ref | ||||
| AST (μ/l) | >40 | 1.227 | 3.410 | 2.388–4.871 | <0.0001 |
| ⩽40 | Ref | ||||
| Total bilirubin (mmol/l) | >20.5 | −0.604 | 0.547 | 0.277–1.079 | 0.0817 |
| ⩽20.5 | Ref | ||||
| Direct bilirubin (mmol/l) | >8.6 | 0.051 | 1.052 | 0.590–1.875 | 0.8626 |
| ⩽8.6 | Ref | ||||
| Albumin (g/l) | <40 | 1.746 | 5.734 | 3.532–9.306 | <0.0001 |
| ⩾40 | Ref | ||||
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/l) | >9.5 | 1.181 | 3.257 | 1.811–5.860 | <0.0001 |
| ⩽9.5 | Ref | ||||
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | >111 | 1.293 | 3.645 | 1.927–6.895 | <0.0001 |
| ⩽111 | Ref | ||||
| Urinary glucose | Positive | 0.084 | 1.088 | 0.599–1.976 | 0.7827 |
| Negative | Ref | ||||
| Urinary protein | Positive | 0.362 | 1.436 | 0.918–2.247 | 0.1133 |
| Negative | Ref | ||||
| Sodium (mmol/l) | >147 | 0.593 | 1.809 | 0.388–8.433 | 0.4506 |
| ⩽147 | Ref | ||||
| Potassium (mmol/l) | <3.5 | Ref | |||
| 3.5–5.3 | 1.046 | 2.847 | 1.459–5.557 | 0.0022 | |
| >5.3 | 1.642 | 5.164 | 1.664–16.020 | 0.0045 | |
| Calcium (mmol/l) | ⩾2.55 | 0.246 | 1.279 | 0.525–3.120 | 0.5882 |
| <2.55 | Ref | ||||
| LDH (μ/l) | <245 | Ref | |||
| ⩾245 | 1.119 | 3.062 | 2.114–4.434 | <0.0001 | |
| Creatine kinase (μ/l) | ⩽200 | Ref | |||
| >200 | 0.594 | 1.811 | 1.211–2.708 | 0.0038 | |
| CK–MB (μ/l) | ⩽24 | Ref | |||
| >24 | −0.431 | 0.650 | 0.341–1.239 | 0.1905 | |
| Myohaemoglobin (ng/ml) | ⩽48.8 | Ref | |||
| >48.8 | 1.930 | 6.888 | 4.770–9.945 | <0.0001 | |
| cTnI (ng/ml) | ⩽0.04 | Ref | |||
| >0.04 | 2.571 | 13.083 | 8.077–21.189 | <0.0001 | |
| PCT (μ/l) | ⩽0.05 | Ref | |||
| >0.05 | 1.206 | 3.341 | 2.363–4.723 | <0.0001 | |
| ESR (mm/h) | ⩽15 | 0.631 | 1.879 | 1.084–3.258 | 0.0247 |
| >15 | Ref | ||||
| BNP (pg/ml) | ⩽250 | Ref | |||
| >250 | 1.361 | 3900 | 2.479–6.136 | <0.0001 | |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | ⩽4 | Ref | |||
| >4 | 0.520 | 1.682 | 1.126–2.513 | 0.0111 | |
| D-dimer (μg/l) | ⩽0.5 | Ref | |||
| >0.5 | 1.266 | 3.548 | 2.414–5.214 | <0.0001 | |
| Lung imaging features | |||||
| Bilateral lungs involved | Yes | 1.286 | 3.618 | 1.519–8.616 | 0.0037 |
| No | |||||
| Consolidation | Yes | −0.977 | 0.319 | 0.201–0.704 | 0.0022 |
| No | |||||
| Ground-glass opacity | Yes | 0.077 | 1.080 | 0.409–2.855 | 0.8766 |
| No | |||||
| Linear opacity | Yes | 0.522 | 1.685 | 1.015–2.798 | 0.0437 |
| No | |||||
| Pleural effusion | Yes | 0.139 | 1.149 | 0.439–3.008 | 0.7765 |
| No | |||||
| Pleural thickening | Yes | −0.510 | 0.600 | 0.375–0.961 | 0.0334 |
| No | |||||
| Lung lobes involved | 0.426 | 1.531 | 1.270–1.847 | <0.0001 | |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; WBC, white blood cell; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK-MB, creatine kinase isoenzymes; cTnI, cardiac troponin I; PCT, procalcitonin; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; BNP, brain natriuretic peptid.