Table 1.
Characteristics of COVID-19 suspected patients at the ER
| Characteristic | RT-PCR+ | RT-PCR- | TP | FN | TN | FP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 133 | 186 | 120 | 13 | 164 | 22 |
| Age | ||||||
| Median (IQR)—yr | 59 (50–68) | 62 (44–75) | 60 (50–68) | 54 (50–73) | 63 (45–75) | 69 (54–77) |
| Distribution—% | ||||||
| 18–40 yr | 7.9 | 23.2 | 9.2 | 15.4 | 22.0 | 9.1 |
| 41–60 yr | 34.8 | 29.3 | 42.5 | 46.2 | 26.2 | 18.2 |
| 61–80 yr | 32.9 | 45.7 | 42.5 | 23.1 | 37.2 | 59.1 |
| ≥ 81 yr | 5.5 | 15.2 | 5.8 | 15.4 | 13.4 | 13.6 |
| Female sex % | 44.4 | 55.4 | 43.4 | 53.8 | 54.9 | 59.1 |
| Comorbidities no./total no. (%) | ||||||
| Chronic heart disease | 18.0 | 17.3 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 16.5 | 22.7 |
| Chronic lung disease*** | 11.3 | 22.2 | 10.8 | 15.4 | 22.0 | 22.7 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6.1 | 4.9 | 5.9 | 7.7 | 4.9 | 4.5 |
| Asthma | 15.8 | 18.4 | 16.7 | 7.7 | 17.1 | 27.3 |
| Malignancy** | 4.5 | 11.4 | 5.0 | 0.0 | 12.2 | 4.5 |
| Diabetes | 23.3 | 22.7 | 24.2 | 15.4 | 22.6 | 22.7 |
| Hypertension | 33.8 | 23.2 | 33.3 | 38.5 | 22.6 | 27.3 |
| Other comorbidities | 31.6 | 35.1 | 30.8 | 38.5 | 36.0 | 27.3 |
| Days after onset of symptoms | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 7 (5–10) | 7 (3–14) | 7 (5–10) | 7 (4–10) | 7 (3–14) | 11 (3–14) |
| Symptoms % | ||||||
| Fever*** | 60.2 | 37.6 | 59.2 | 69.2 | 37.2 | 40.9 |
| Coughing* | 76.5 | 62.9 | 74.8 | 92.3 | 63.4 | 59.1 |
| Sore throat* | 12.8 | 21.5 | 13.3 | 7.7 | 23.2 | 9.1 |
| Runny nose | 19.5 | 20.4 | 20.0 | 15.4 | 22.0 | 9.1 |
| Chest pain | 24.1 | 31.4 | 20.8 | 53.8 | 32.9 | 18.2 |
| Myalgia** | 36.2 | 21.6 | 36.7 | 30.8 | 19.5 | 36.4 |
| Malaise** | 52.6 | 38.9 | 51.7 | 61.5 | 38.4 | 40.9 |
| Dyspnea | 70.7 | 63.4 | 69.2 | 84.6 | 61.6 | 77.3 |
| Stomach ache | 15.0 | 16.2 | 16.7 | 0.0 | 15.2 | 22.7 |
| Nausea | 18.0 | 15.1 | 17.5 | 23.1 | 14.0 | 22.7 |
| Diarrhea* | 30.8 | 21.1 | 31.7 | 23.1 | 20.7 | 22.7 |
| Loss of taste*** | 19.5 | 14.1 | 18.3 | 30.8 | 12.8 | 22.7 |
| Loss of smell*** | 14.5 | 10.8 | 13.6 | 23.1 | 10.4 | 13.6 |
| Risk factors no./total no. (%) | ||||||
| Current smoker*** | 20/123 (16.3) | 52/162 (32.1) | 17/112 (15.2) | 3/11 (27.3) | 46/144 (31.9) | 6/19 (31.6) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 25) | 59/112 (52.7) | 74/142 (52.1) | 51/100 (51.0) | 8/12 (66.7) | 65/125 (52.0) | 9/17 (52.9) |
| Recent travel to high-risk area | 2/101 (2.0) | 6/117 (5.1) | 0/90 (0.0) | 2/11 (18.2) | 6/108 (5.6) | 0/10 (0.0) |
| Exposure to source of transmission*** | 24/102 (23.5) | 14/108 (13.0) | 21/92 (22.8) | 3/10 (30.0) | 11/96 (11.5) | 3/13 (23.1) |
| Healthcare worker | 11/91 (12.1) | 11/120 (9.2) | 9/80 (11.3) | 2/11 (18.2) | 10/110 (9.1) | 1/11 (9.1) |
| Radiological findings*** | ||||||
| CORADS % | ||||||
| CORADS 1 | 4.5 | 50.0 | - | 46.1 | 56.7 | - |
| CORADS 2 | 2.3 | 15.6 | - | 23.1 | 17.7 | - |
| CORADS 3 | 3.0 | 22.6 | - | 30.8 | 25.6 | - |
| CORADS 4 | 15.0 | 5.9 | 16.7 | - | 50.0 | |
| CORADS 5 | 75.2 | 5.9 | 83.3 | - | 50.0 | |
| Vitals | ||||||
| Average temperature °C ± SD*** | 37.5 ± 0.9 | 36.8 ± 0.8 | 37.6 ± 1.0 | 36.9 ± 0.8 | 36.8 ± 0.8 | 36.8 ± 0.8 |
| Median respiratory rate/min (IQR) * | 24 (21–30) | 23 (20–28) | 24 (21–30) | 25 (22–29) | 23 (20–28) | 24 (20–27) |
| Median saturation % (IQR)** | 96 (94–98) | 97 (95–99) | 96 (94–98) | 98 (97–99) | 97 (95–99) | 95 (94–97) |
| Median heart rate/min (IQR) | 97 (87–110) | 93 (82–109) | 96 (85–109) | 104 (94–115) | 93 (82–109) | 89 (87–100) |
| Oxygen required %*** | 63.2 | 37.8 | 65.8 | 69.2 | 37.8 | 36.3 |
| Median oxygen requirement (IQR) | 2 (0–2) L | 0 (0–2) L | 2 (0–2) L | 2 (0–5) L | 0 (0–2) L | 0 (0–2) L |
| Laboratory findings median (IQR) | ||||||
| CRP (mg/L)*** | 65 (30–123) | 15 (5–80) | 65 (33–124) | 39 (3–104) | 14 (4–68) | 27 (13–162) |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL)*** | 0.09 (0.04–0.17) | 0.04 (0.02–0.09) | 0.09 (0.05–0.17) | 0.04 (0.02–0.74) | 0.04 (0.02–0.09) | 0.06 (0.04–0.23) |
| Ferritin (ng/mL)*** | 659 (254–1220) | 125 (62–286) | 712 (279–1309) | 293 (86–433) | 125 (60–253) | 185 (82–518) |
| LDH (U/L)*** | 319 (255–386) | 211 (183–252) | 328 (276–395) | 217 (186–247) | 208 (181–252) | 244 (207–294) |
| CK (IU/L)*** | 110 (59–237) | 67 (44–106) | 118 (59–240) | 89 (57–125) | 67 (43–104) | 77 (46–185) |
| Platelet count (× 109/L)*** | 192 (144–247) | 262 (215–322) | 177 (141–236) | 247 (202–315) | 265 (219–321) | 226 (202–327) |
| Leucocyte count (× 109/L)*** | 6.3 (4.8–8.5) | 9.7 (7.6–12.8) | 6.3 (4.7–8.5) | 6.7 (5.4–9.1) | 9.7 (7.6–12.8) | 9.1 (7.8–13.7) |
| Neutrophil count (× 109/L)*** | 4.5 (3.3–6.7) | 6.2 (4.8–9.4) | 4.5 (3.3–6.7) | 5.3 (3.4–6.5) | 6.2 (4.7–9.3) | 6.8 (5.5–11.2) |
| Lymfocyte count (×109/L)*** | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.7 (1.1–2.4) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.2 (1.0–1.8) | 1.8 (1.2–2.4) | 1.2 (0.9–1.8) |
| Admitted to hospital %*** | 80.5 | 46.2 | 80.8 | 76.9 | 59.1 | 63.6 |
The result of the first nose/throat swab PCR test was used to categorize patients. Confidence intervals are given for the significance of difference between RT-PCR+ and RT-PCR- patients (first two columns).
******, , and represent p ≤ 0.05, ≤0.0,1 and ≤ 0.001, respectively