Table 2. Descriptive Data Related to Disinfection and Debris Removal Effect .
| Author/Year | Study Objects | Number of Teeth | MAF | Laser Tip | Laser Settings (Pulse Energy, Repetition Rate, Power, Pulse Widths) | Activation Time | NaOCl | Main Findings |
| de Groot22 (2009) | LAI, PUI, CI | 60 | 35/0.06 | 280 μm, 30 mm | 100 mJ, n/a, n/a, n/a | 50 s | 2% | LAI removed more debris than CI |
| De Moor23 (2010) | LAI, PUI, CI | 100 | 40/0.06 | 200 μm, n/a | 75 mJ, 20 Hz, n/a, n/a | 20 s | 2.5% | LAI removed more debris than CI |
| Peters31 (2011) | PIPS, PUI, CI | 70 | 20/0.07 | 400 μm, 21 mm | 50 mJ, 10 Hz, n/a, n/a | 30 s | 6% | PIPS killed E. faecalis most effectively |
| Jaramillo41 (2012) | PIPS | 24 | 20/0.07 | 400 μm, 14 mm | 20 mJ, 15 Hz, 0.3 W, 50 μs | 20 s | 6% | PIPS inhibited 100% the development of E. faecalis |
| Pedullà42 (2012) | PIPS, CI | 148 | 25/0.06 | 400 μm, 12 mm | 20 mJ, 15 Hz, n/a, 50 μs | 30 s | 5% | No difference in bacterial reduction between groups |
| Sahar-Helft50 (2013) | LAI (Er:YAG), CI | 60 | 30/0.09 | 0.4 μm, n/a | 500 mJ, 12 Hz, n/a, n/a | 4x15 s CHX, 4x15 s EDTA |
2% CHX 17% EDTA |
LAI killed more E. faecalis than CI |
| Zhu43 (2013) | PIPS, CI | 48 | 40/0.06 | 400 μm, 12 mm | 20 mJ, 15 Hz, 0.3 W, 50 μs | 60 s | 3% | No difference in bacterial reduction between groups |
| Al Shahrani33 (2014) | PIPS, CI | 60 | 25/0.08 | 600 μm, 9 mm | 20 mJ, 15 Hz, 0.3 W, 50 μs | 90 s | 6% | PIPS killed more E. faecalis than CI |
| Arslan24 (2014) | PIPS, SI, UAI, CI | 48 | 40/0.06 | 300 μm, 14 mm | 20 mJ, 15 Hz, 0.3 W, 50 μs | 60 s | 1% | PIPS removed debris most effectively |
| Mathew45 (2014) | PIPS, SI, diode laser, CI | 130 | 20/0.07 | 200 μm, n/a | 75 mJ, 20 Hz, n/a, n/a | 60 s NaOCl + 60 s EDTA | 5% NaOCl 17% EDTA |
Diode laser killed E. faecalis most effectively |
| Olivi34 (2014) | PIPS, CI | 26 | 25/0.06 | 600 μm, 9 mm | 20 mJ, 15 Hz, 0.3 W, 50 μs | 60 s | 5% | PIPS inhibited 100% the development of E. faecalis, unlike CI |
| Deleu25 (2015) | PIPS, LAI, PUI, CI, MAI, diode laser | 25 | 30/0.06 | PIPS, LAI: 300 μm, 14 mm | PIPS: 40 mJ, 20 Hz, n/a, 50 μs LAI: 60 mJ, 20 Hz, n/a, 50 μs |
20 s | 2.5% | LAI performed similar to PUI and more effectively than the rest in debris removal |
| Neelakantan35 (2015) | PIPS, UAI, diode laser, CI | 280 | 25/0.06 | 400 μm, 21 mm | 50 mJ, 10 Hz, n/a, 50 ms | 30 s, 60 s, 90 s | 3%, 6% | PIPS performed similarly to the diode laser, both killed more E. faecalis than the rest |
| Balić44(2016) | PIPS, SI, CI | 91 | 30/0.07 | 600 μm, n/a | 20 mJ, 15 Hz, n/a, 50 μs | 60 s | 2.5%, Qmix | No difference in bacterial reduction between groups |
| Lloyd64 (2016) | PIPS, CI | 14 | 30/0.06 | 600 μm, 9 mm | 20 mJ, 15 Hz, 0.3 W, n/a | 240 s | 6% | PIPS removed more debris than CI |
| Jaramillo36 (2016) | PIPS, CI | 48 | 30/0.09 | n/a | n/a | 3x30 s | Buffered 0.5% | PIPS killed more E. faecalis than CI |
| Keleş30 (2016) | PIPS, Er:YAG, Nd:YAG | 42 | 45/ n/a | 300 μm, 14 mm | 50 mJ, 20 Hz, 1 W, 50 μs | 60 s | 5% | Er:YAG LAI removed debris most effectively |
| Azim37 (2016) | PIPS, XP Finisher, SI, CI | 18 | 25/0.04 | n/a | 20 mJ, 15 Hz, n/a, n/a | 3x30 s | 6% | PIPS killed E. faecalis most effectively |
| Cheng38 (2016) | PIPS, CSI | 155 | n/a | 300 μm, n/a | 20 mJ, 15 Hz, 0.3/0.5/1 W, 50 μs | 20/30 s | 5.25% | PIPS killed more E. faecalis than CI |
| Keles30 (2016) | PIPS, LAI (Er:YAG, Nd:YAG), PUI, SAF, CI | 90 | 45/n/a | PIPS, Er:YAG: 300 μm, 14 mm Nd:YAG: 320 μm, n/a |
PIPS: 45 mJ, 20 Hz, 0.9 W, 50 µs LAI: 50 mJ, 20 Hz, 1 W, 50 µs |
PIPS, LAI: 3x10 s PUI, SAF: 60 s |
5% | All other methods removed more debris than CI. The Er:YAG LAI group had the least amount of residual debris |
| Ozses Ozkaya3 (2017) | PIPS, Nd:YAG, CI | 110 | 50/n/a | PIPS: 400 μm, 14 mm Nd:YAG: 200 μm, n/a |
PIPS: 35 mJ, 15 Hz, n/a, 50 μs Nd:YAG: n/a, 15 Hz, 1.5 W, n/a |
PIPS: 20 s LAI: 4x5 s |
1% | PIPS killed more E. faecalis than Nd:YAG when using saline, but similarly when using NaOCl |
| Cheng40 (2017) | PIPS, UAI, CI | 115 | 40/0.04 | 300 μm, n/a | 20 mJ, 25 Hz, 0.5 W, 50 μs | PIPS: 30 s, UI: 60 s | 5.25% | PIPS killed more E. faecalis than CI, but similarly to UAI |
| Kasić47 (2017) | PIPS, LAI (Er,Cr:YSGG), Nd:YAG laser | 30 | 30/0.09 | PIPS: 400 μm, 14 mm LAI, Nd:YAG: 200 μm, n/a |
PIPS: 20 mJ, 15 Hz, 0.3 W, 50 μs LAI: n/a, 15 Hz, 1.25 W, 150 μs Nd:YAG: n/a, 15 Hz, 1.5 W, 100 μs |
PIPS: 40 s LAI: n/a | 0.9% saline | Er,Cr:YSGG killed E. faecalis most effectively, followed by PIPS |
| Cheng46 (2017) | PIPS, CI | 355 | 15/0.04 20/0.04 25/0.04 30/0.04 40/0.04 |
300 μm, n/a | 20 mJ, 15/25/50 Hz, 0.3/0.5/1 W, 50 μs | 20 s, 40 s, 60 s | 5.25% | PIPS improved disinfection efficiency of NaOCl at each apical terminal working width |
| Turkel26 (2017) | PIPS, ANP, CI | 142 | 40/0.06 | 300 μm, 14 mm |
20 mJ, 15 Hz, 0.3 W, 50 μs | 30 s | 5% | PIPS removed debris similarly to ANP, CI |
| Kamaci27 (2017) | PIPS, LAI (diode laser), UAI, CI | 75 | 50/0.05 | PIPS: 300 nm, n/a LAI: 200 μm, n/a |
PIPS: 20 mJ, 15 Hz, 0.3 W, n/a LAI: n/a, n/a, 2 W, n/a |
20 s | 2.5% | UAI removed more debris than CI. No difference between other groups |
| Verstraeten28 (2017) | PIPS, LAI (Er:YAG), UAI | 69 | 30/0.07 | PIPS: 400 μm, 14 mm, LAI: 300 μm, 14 mm |
PIPS: 20 mJ, 20 Hz, n/a, 50 μs LAI: 20 mJ, 20 Hz, n/a, 50 μs |
3x20 s | 2.5% | No difference in debris removal between groups |
| Golob48 (2017) | PIPS | 86 | 30/0.06 | 600 μm, 9 mm | 10/20 mJ, n/a, 0.15/0.3 W, n/a | 30 s NaOCl + 30 s EDTA + 2x30 s NaOCl + 30 s water | 1%, 3%, 5% NaOCl 17% EDTA |
Decontamination was only efficient when using 5% NaOCl |
| Passalidou29 (2018) | LAI (Er:YAG), UAI, MAI, CI | 50 | 25/0.08 | 400/600 μm, n/a | 20 mJ, 20 Hz, n/a, 50 μs | 3x20 s | 2.5% | LAI removed more debris than CI, but similarly to UAI, MAI |
CI, conventional irrigation; LAI, laser-activated irrigation; MAF, master apical file; MAI, manual activated irrigation; n/a, not available; ANP, apical negative pressure; PIPS, photon-induced photoacoustic streaming; PUI, passive ultrasonic irrigation; SAF, self-adjusting file; SI, sonic irrigation; UAI, ultrasonically activated irrigation.