Table 7. Descriptive Data Related to Apical Extrusion Effect .
| Author | Study Objects | No. of Teeth | MAF | Laser Tip | Laser Settings (Pulse Energy, Repetition Rate, Power, Pulse Widths) | Activation Time | Irrigants | Main Findings |
| George75 (2008) | LAI (Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG), CI | 16 | 50/0.05 | 400 μm, n/a | Er:YAG: 200 mJ, n/a, 4 W, 50 ms; Er,Cr:YSGG: 62.5 mJ, n/a, 1.25 W, 50 ms | 5 s | Dye | The volume of extruded fluid was similar to conven- tional 25-G needles, but the fluid was distributed further from the apex |
| Arslan81 (2015) | PIPS, UAI, CI | 64 | 30/0.09 | 300 μm, 14 mm | 20 mJ, 15 Hz, 0.3 W, 50 μs; 30 mJ, 30 Hz, 0.9 W, 50 μs |
30 s | 1% Na OCl | PIPS at both 0.3 W and 0.9 W resulted in similar solution extrusion to the conventional irrigation or ultrasonic irrigation |
| Yost72 (2015) | PIPS, ANP, SI, CI | 36 | 35/0.04 55/0.04 |
600 μm, 9 mm |
20 mJ, 15 Hz, n/a, 50 μs 10 mJ, 15 Hz, n/a, 50 μs |
PIPS: 3x30 s SI: 60 s |
6% NaOCl | No difference was found between the 10 mJ and 20 mJ PIPS laser groups. EndoVac demonstrated significantly less potential for apical extrusion than PIPS and Max-i-Probe |
| Arslan74 (2018) | PIPS, CI | 60 | 25/0.06 | 300 μm, 14 mm |
20 mJ, 15 Hz, 0.3 W, 50 μs | 20 s | bidistilled water | PIPS activation was associated with significantly more extrusion debris in curved canals compared with no activation |
| Azim73 (2018) | PIPS, ANP, XP Finisher, SI, CI | 20 | 40/0.04 | n/a | 20 mJ, 15 Hz, n/a, n/a | 3x30 s | 3% NaOCl | PIPS extrudes more irrigant than other systems |
CI, conventional irrigation; LAI, laser-activated irrigation; MAF, master apical file; n/a, not available; ANP, apical negative pressure; PIPS, photon-induced photoacoustic streaming; SI, sonic irrigation; UAI, ultrasonically activated irrigation.