Fig. 1.

Distribution and summary statistics of parameter estimates in the left and right DLPFC ROIs and whole-brain analysis results. The blue dotted line represents the mean; the red line represents the median; light purple patch shows the 95% confidence interval; darker purple patch shows the standard deviation of the mean. In the full ANOVA, there was a significant main effect of group (overall group effect p = 0.012) and laterality (p = 0.006). Depressed patients had significantly lower DLPFC activation compared to both unaffected relatives (mean difference=0.169, p = 0.012, Cohen's d = 0.674) and low-risk controls (mean difference=0.162, p = 0.014, Cohen's d = 0.560) (both significant at corrected threshold of p = 0.0167), and there were no differences in DLPFC activation between controls and unaffected relatives (mean difference=0.007, p = 0.926, Cohen's d = 0.01). DLPFC=dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ROI=region of interest.