Table 3.
Factors associated with dysmenorrhea among respondents.
| PG | SG | WG | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Family history of dysmenorrhea, mother | Yes | 364 (59.7) | 188 (41.9) | 17 (25.0) | <0.005∗ |
| No | 110 (18.0) | 89 (19.8) | 32 (47.1) | ||
| I do not know | 136 (22.3) | 172 (38.3) | 19 (27.9) | ||
|
| |||||
| Family history of dysmenorrhea, sister | Yes | 174 (28.5) | 125 (27.8) | 13 (19.1) | <0.005∗ |
| No | 76 (12.5) | 36 (8.0) | 18 (26.5) | ||
| I do not know | 46 (7.5) | 59 (13.2) | 7 (10.3) | ||
| I do not have a sister | 314 (51.5) | 229 (51.0) | 30 (44.1) | ||
|
| |||||
| PMS | Yes | 421 (69.0) | 273 (60.8) | 21 (30.9) | <0.005∗ |
| No | 78 (12.8) | 83 (18.5) | 33 (48.5) | ||
| I do not know | 111 (18.2) | 93 (20.7) | 14 (20.6) | ||
|
| |||||
| Age of menarche | ≤12 years | 316 (51.8) | 205 (45.7) | 21 (30.9) | <0.005∗ |
| 13-14 years | 248 (40.7) | 193 (43.0) | 36 (52.9) | ||
| ≥15 years | 46 (7.5) | 51 (11.3) | 11 (16.2) | ||
|
| |||||
| Healthy diet | Yes | 259 (42.5) | 215 (47.9) | 36 (52.9) | 0.068 |
| No | 218 (35.7) | 154 (34.3) | 15 (22.1) | ||
| I do not know | 133 (21.8) | 80 (17.8) | 17 (25.0) | ||
|
| |||||
| Stress | Everyday | 164 (26.9) | 100 (22.3) | 13 (19.1) | 0.005∗ |
| A few times a week | 273 (44.7) | 177 (39.4) | 28 (41.2) | ||
| A few times a month | 134 (22.0) | 124 (27.6) | 16 (23.5) | ||
| Rarely | 39 (6.4) | 48 (10.7) | 11 (16.2) | ||
|
| |||||
| Self-esteem | I am perfect, I love my appearance | 16 (2.6) | 7 (1.6) | 3 (4.4) | 0.042∗ |
| I accept myself as I am, although I am aware of my imperfections | 271 (44.4) | 225 (50.1) | 41 (60.3) | ||
| When I have a good day, I do not have much to complain about, but sometimes I feel worse about myself | 262 (42.9) | 175 (39.0) | 18 (26.5) | ||
| It does not matter how I look—I don't care | 6 (1.0) | 8 (1.8) | 1 (1.5) | ||
| I think I am ugly, I cannot look at myself | 40 (6.6) | 19 (4.2) | 2 (2.9) | ||
| Other | 15 (2.5) | 15 (3.3) | 3 (4.4) | ||
|
| |||||
| Exercise | Yes | 311 (51.0) | 260 (57.9) | 42 (61.8) | 0.037∗ |
| No | 299 (49.0) | 189 (42.1) | 26 (38.2) | ||
|
| |||||
| Frequency of exercises | Everyday | 21 (3.4) | 15 (3.3) | 3 (4.4) | 0.5636 |
| A few times a week | 196 (32.0) | 165 (36.7) | 26 (38.2) | ||
| Once a week | 84 (13.8) | 71 (15.8) | 10 (14.7) | ||
| Once a month | 14 (2.3) | 9 (2.0) | 1 (1.5) | ||
| Seasonally | 84 (13.8) | 51 (11.4) | 12 (17.7) | ||
| Rarely | 94 (15.4) | 51 (11.4) | 6 (8.8) | ||
| Never | 118 (19.3) | 87 (19.4) | 10 (14.7) | ||
|
| |||||
| BMI | <18.5 | 59 (9.7) | 35 (7.8) | 6 (8.8) | 0.271 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 474 (77.7) | 341 (75.9) | 52 (76.5) | ||
| >25 | 77 (12.6) | 73 (16.3) | 10 (14.7) | ||
|
| |||||
| Alcohol intake | Everyday | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.3602 |
| A few times a week | 53 (8.7) | 34 (7.6) | 4 (5.9) | ||
| Several times a month | 177 (29.0) | 156 (34.7) | 29 (42.7) | ||
| During celebrations, parties | 263 (43.1) | 177 (39.4) | 22 (32.3) | ||
| Never | 34 (5.6) | 16 (3.6) | 3 (4.4) | ||
| Very rarely | 81 (13.3) | 64 (14.2) | 10 (14.7) | ||
|
| |||||
| Smoking | Yes | 123 (20.2) | 95 (21.2) | 14 (20.6) | 0.925 |
| No | 487 (79.8) | 354 (78.8) | 54 (79.8) | ||
Abbreviations: PG, women with dysmenorrhea during every cycle, SG, women with dysmenorrhea occasionally, WG, women without dysmenorrhea, PMS, premenstrual syndrome, and BMI, body mass index. ∗Statistically significant variables.