Table 3.
Baseline characteristics and echocardiographic parameters according to diastolic function
| Normal (N = 63) | Resting DD (N = 72) | Revealed DD (N = 26) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56.7 ± 10.2 | 61.5 ± 10.5* | 58.8 ± 11.5 | 0.03 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 42 (67) | 32 (44) | 17 (65) | 0.02 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.8 ± 6.8 | 29.9 ± 6.9 | 27.8 ± 5.2 | 0.28 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 45 (71) | 54 (75) | 17 (65) | 0.64 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.6 ± 1.2 | 7.5 ± 0.9 | 7.6 ± 1.1 | 0.85 |
| Resting echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| Relative wall thickness | 0.39 (0.35–0.42) | 0.39 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.07 | 0.46 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 68.0 ± 14.7 | 72.3 ± 18.7 | 71.3 ± 18.0 | 0.49 |
| LVEF (%) | 64.2 ± 4.6 | 65.3 ± 5.0 | 64.5 ± 4.8 | 0.19 |
| LVLS (%) | 16.8 ± 1.4 | 16.6 ± 1.7 | 16.9 ± 1.4 | 0.41 |
| s′ (cm/s) | 8.2 ± 1.3 | 6.7 ± 1.2* | 7.9 ± 1.4# | <0.001 |
| E/e′ | 8.2 ± 1.2 | 12.8 ± 2.4* | 8.5 ± 1.0# | <0.001 |
| LA volume index (mL/m2) | 26.1 ± 7.3 | 26.7 ± 6.6 | 26.1 ± 7.8 | 0.91 |
| LA reservoir strain (%) | 31.7 ± 8.8 | 28.1 ± 10.5 | 31.2 ± 9.4 | 0.06 |
| Peak exercise | ||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 162 ± 16 | 149 ± 20* | 152 ± 19 | 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 192 ± 23 | 185 ± 22 | 185 ± 22 | 0.39 |
| Peak METs | 9.0 ± 2.6 | 7.3 ± 2.3* | 7.3 ± 2.1* | <0.001 |
| Percent-predicted METs (%) | 105 ± 28 | 98 ± 29 | 91 ± 30 | 0.13 |
| <85% ppMETs, n (%) | 15 (26) | 25 (37) | 12 (52) | 0.07 |
| Immediately after exercise echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 74.7 ± 3.9 | 73.7 ± 4.6 | 73.6 ± 3.9 | 0.27 |
| LVLS in absolute value (%) | 21.2 ± 2.0 | 20.5 ± 2.4 | 21.7 ± 1.8# | 0.03 |
| s′ (cm/s) | 11.6 ± 2.3 | 9.3 ± 2.0* | 10.5 ± 1.8# | <0.001 |
| E/e′ | 8.3 ± 1.1 | 12.8 ± 2.8* | 11.6 ± 1.5* | <0.001 |
*
P < 0.05 vs. Normal;
#
P < 0.05 vs. Resting DD.
DD, diastolic dysfunction; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVLS, left ventricular longitudinal strain; METs, metabolic equivalents.