Table 2.

The advantages and drawbacks of the various in vivo methods. ADME: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Type	Advantages	Drawbacks	Source(s)
Aquatic models
Planktonic crustaceans	Standardized protocols and guidelines; Easy implementation	Primarily used as pre-screening method; Large biological difference to humans	[98]
Zebrafish	High throughput; Similar genome; Rapid developmental process; Low cost; Easy monitoring of embryogenesis; ADME effects studied	Difficult monitoring of rapid developmental process; Ethical concerns; Species to species variation	[100,101,104]
Mammal models
Small rodents	Multiple routes of exposure; Guidelines exist to evaluate nanotoxicity; ADME effects studied; Chronic effects studied	Ethical concerns; Species to species variation; Expertise necessary; High cost	[105,106]