Table 1.
Significant CpG sites that were mapped to genes implicated in IL-1β production or gouty inflammation.
| CpG Site | Δβ a | P | Chr | Position b | Gene c | Genomic Features | Genetic and meQTL d | CIT e | Reference f | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Implicated in IL-1β Production in Macrophages | ||||||||||
| cg26201826 | 1.15% | 7.27 × 10−6 | 5 | 114598579 | PGGT1B | TSS200 | Y | - | ↓[10] | |
| cg20419410 | 0.39% | 1.48 × 10−7 | 7 | 155089803 | INSIG1 | 5′UTR | Y | - | ↓[11] | |
| cg17618153 | −1.38% | 1.36 × 10−5 | 9 | 129874991 | ANGPTL2 | 5′UTR | Y | - | ↑[12] | |
| cg15686135 | −1.24% | 1.32 × 10−9 | 10 | 49542423 | JNK1 (MAPK8) [13] | 5′UTR | Y | - | ↑[14] | |
| Expressed in Macrophages and Implicated in IL-1β Production | ||||||||||
| cg14167017 | 0.38% | 2.78 × 10−7 | 9 | 34178925 | UBAP1 | TSS200 | N | Y | ↓Table S6 of [15,16] | |
| cg03081134 | 0.49% | 8.77 × 10−6 | 9 | 36036806 | RECK | TSS200 | N | N | ↓[17,18] | |
| cg01680773 | 0.67% | 1.13 × 10−5 | 14 | 74960124 | NPC2 | TSS200 | N | N | ↓[19,20] | |
| cg11988568 | 1.04% | 7.84 × 10−7 | 17 | 78518917 | RAPTOR (RPTOR) [21] | 5′UTR | N | Y | ↓[21,22] | |
| Implicated in Gouty Inflammation | ||||||||||
| cg16745952 | 0.96% | 1.22 × 10−5 | 11 | 98891665 | CNTN5 | TSS200 | Y | - | [6] | |
Chr: chromosome. a Methylation levels of gout minus methylation levels of non-gout estimated with linear regression, after adjusting for sex, age, smoking history (total pack-years), smoking status, alcohol consumption, and cell subsets. b Positions of the CpG sites in hg19. c Gene names and their alias. d Y denotes CpG sites surviving genetic and meQTL analysis (without genetic variants concomitantly associated with CpG methylation and gout). N denotes CpG sites failing genetic and meQTL analysis (with genetic variants concomitantly associated with CpG methylation and gout). e Y denotes CpG sites passing causal inference tests (CITs), N denotes CpG sites not passing CITs. f References supporting the role of mapped genes in IL-1β production/macrophage expression/gouty inflammation, and ↑ means the gene increases IL-1β production while ↓ means the gene decreases IL-1β production.