Table 1.
A summary of the results of the most interesting studies on CCBs presented in this review.
| Drug | Population | Gene | Polymorphism | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verapamil | White, Hispanic, and Black hypertensive patients with cardiovascular disease (CAD) | KCNMB1 | Glu65Lys (rs11739136) | Lys65 variant carriers achieved BP targets faster in comparison to Glu65Glu individuals (1.47 [interquartile range (IQR 2.77)] months in Lys65 carriers vs. 2.83 [(IQR) 4.17] months in Glu65Glu patients; p = 0.01). | [19] |
| Val110Leu (rs2301149) | Leu110 allele decreased the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients treated with verapamil (HR 0.587, 95% confidence interval 0.33–1.04). | [19] | |||
| Verapamil | White, Hispanic, and Black hypertensive patients | CACNA1C | rs1051375A/A | 46% reduction in the primary outcome in AA carriers treated with verapamil (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32–0.92), while the carriers of the GG genotype had higher risk of the composite primary outcome (OR 4.59 95% CI 1.67–12.67). | [25] |
| Verapamil | White, Black, and Hispanic | CACNB2 | rs2357928 | Carriers of the GG genotype had an increased risk of the primary outcomes if they were treated with verapamil compared to those on atenolol, | [25] |
| L-type dCCBs | Japanese Patients with essential hypertension |
CACNA1C
CACNA1D |
rs527974G/A rs312481G/A rs3774426C/T |
The combined presence of SNPs was associated with a considerable decrease in BP. GA + AA in CACNA1D rs312481G/A or with GG in CACNA1C 527974G/A—treatment non-responders. | [21] |
| Verapamil | White, Black, and Hispanic | CYP3A5 | CYP3A5*6, rs10264272 | CYP3A5 functional allele status was marginally associated with the SBP response to verapamil in Black (p = 0.075) and Hispanic (p = 0.056) but not in White (p = 0.40) populations; carriers of the two functional alleles had higher SBP. No association found with DBP response and CYP3A5 allele status. | [29] |
| Amlodipine | African American men and women with early hypertensive renal disease |
CYP3A4
CYP3A4 |
CYP3A4*1B, −392A/G, rs2740574 | Female carriers of an A allele were over 3 times more likely to reach a target mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 107 mm Hg (the adjusted hazard ratio was 3.41 (1.20–9.64; p = 0.020)). | [32] |
| T16090C (rs2246709) | Participants randomized to a lower MAP goal carrying the C allele were more likely to reach the target MAP (the adjusted hazard ratio was 2.04 (1.17–3.56; p = 0.010)). | [32] | |||
| Amlodipine | Healthy Korean males | CYP3A5 | CYP3A5*3 (A6986G, rs776746) | Significant difference (20%) in the oral clearance of amlodipine between CYP3A5*1 carriers (27.0 ± 8.2 L/h) and CYP3A5*3/*3 carriers (32.4 ± 10.2 L/h) (p = 0.063). CYP3A5*1 carriers (3.8 ± 1.1 ng/mL) had considerably higher peak plasma concentrations compared to CYP3A5*3/*3 carriers (3.1 ± 0.8 ng/mL) (p = 0.037). No significant differences in BP and pulse rate were found between the studied groups. |
[34] |
| Amlodipine | Chinese patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension | ABCB1 | C3435T (rs1045642) | Amlodipine oral clearance (CL/F) was 1.5-fold higher in carriers of the TT genotype compared to other groups of carriers. | [35] |
BP—blood pressure; IQR interquartile range; HR—hazard ratio; OR—odds ratio; Cl—confidence interval; SBP—systolic blood pressure; DBP—diastolic blood pressure.