Table 1.
Characteristics of B-WELL-MOM participants who participated in the air-monitoring sub-study (n = 40).
| Characteristics | n (%) or Mean (SD) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 40) |
No Asthma (n = 9, 22.5%) |
Well Controlled (n = 19, 47.5%) |
Poorly Controlled (n = 12, 30.0%) |
p a | |
| Study site (n, %) | |||||
| Site 1 | 36 (90.0) | 8 (88.9) | 18 (94.7) | 10 (83.3) | 0.67 |
| Site 2 | 4 (10.0) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (5.3) | 2 (16.7) | |
| Gestational age at enrollment (week, mean, SD) | 24.0 (4.6) | 27.1 (5.5) | 23.1 (4.5) | 23.1 (2.8) | 0.06 |
| Maternal age group (year, n, %) | |||||
| <23 | 1 (2.5) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.42 |
| 23–29 | 10 (25.0) | 1 (11.1) | 5 (26.3) | 4 (33.3) | |
| ≥30 | 29 (72.5) | 7 (77.8) | 14 (73.7) | 8 (66.7) | |
| Maternal body mass index (kg/m2, n, %) | |||||
| Normal | 8 (20.0) | 1 (11.1) | 5 (26.3) | 2 (16.7) | 0.68 |
| Overweight/obese | 32 (80.0) | 8 (88.9) | 14 (73.7) | 10 (83.3) | |
| Monitor-wearing time (%, mean, range) | 38.4 (16.5–85.2) | 39.2 (16.6–69.2) | 40.4 (16.5–77.1) | 44.9 (24.3–85.2) | 0.73 |
| Waking-hour monitor-wearing time (%, mean, range) | 55.7(22.8–100.0) | 59.6(22.8–100) | 53.9(24–100) | 55.5(30.8–100) | 0.85 |
| GPS monitoring | |||||
| Yes | 24 (60.0) | 5 (55.6) | 13 (68.2) | 6 (50.0) | 0.64 |
| No | 16 (40.0) | 4 (44.4) | 6 (31.6) | 6 (50.0) | |
| Reported time spent outdoors per day (mins, mean, range) | 93.3 (0–480) | 94.2(0–360) | 98.6(0–480) | 83.1(0–300) | 0.67 |
| Average home distance from nearest EPA monitor (km, mean, range) | |||||
| PM2.5 | 6.6 (0.67–14.0) | 6.2(4.1–8.6) | 6.8(0.7–14) | 6.7(4.2–9.5) | 0.97 |
| Temperature | 23.5 (4.1–34.7) | 18.7(4.1–29.2) | 23.1(11.2–29.3) | 28.2(21.4–34.7) | 0.09 |
| Ozone | 8.5 (2.3–13.6) | 8.6(5.3–11.8) | 8.7(2.3–14.6) | 8.2(4.2–11.9) | 0.96 |
| NO2 | 6.3(0.75–14.0) | 6.6(0.8–13.4) | 7.1(1.0–14.0) | 4.3(1.8–8.3) | 0.38 |
| Average GPS distance from nearest EPA monitor (km, mean, range) | |||||
| PM2.5 | 6.9 (0.38–43.8) | 6.3(0.4–17.1) | 8.1(0.5–43.8) | 5.8(0.7–9.5) | <0.01 |
| Temperature | 25.6(0.38–63.5) | 19.1(0.4–63.5) | 24.7(2.1–30.9) | 30.8(12.6–42.3) | <0.01 |
| Ozone | 8.3 (0.38–25.2) | 8.1(0.4–25.2) | 9.3(0.8–25.1) | 7.2(1.4–13.9) | <0.01 |
| NO2 | 6.3(0.36–58.2) | 8.1(0.4–58.2) | 7(0.6–55.9) | 4.3(0.7–13.9) | <0.01 |
| Exhaled nitric oxide (ppb, mean, range) | 17.6 (5–52) | 21.5 (5–44) | 20 (7–48) | 15.1 (5–52) | 0.29 |
| Max peak flow morning (L/min, mean, range) | 377.3 (130–650) | 406.3 (150–650) | 418 (260–540) | 358 (160–550) | <0.01 |
| Max peak flow afternoon (L/min, mean, range) | 340.4 (100–540) | 384.8 (140–540) | 379.4 (210–500) | 323.2 (100–510) | <0.01 |
| Rate of events (per 100 person-day reported, mean, range) | |||||
| Wheeze | 7.3 (0–100) | 0 (0–0) | 3.1 (0–33.3) | 19.6 (0–100) | <0.01 |
| Cough | 27.2 (0–100) | 30.6 (0–100) | 27.9 (0–100) | 23.4 (0–75.0) | 0.10 |
| Shortness of breath | 31.5 (0–100) | 28.7 (0–100) | 26.9 (0–100) | 41.0 (0–100) | 0.20 |
| Chest tightness | 7.1 (0–100) | 4.0 (0–25.0) | 10.8 (0–100) | 3.7 (0–25) | 0.09 |
| Chest pain | 2 (0–25) | 5.0 (0–25.0) | 1.1 (0–20.0) | 1.2 (0–14.3) | 0.38 |
| Nausea | 17 (0–100) | 20.8 (0–75.0) | 12.8 (0–80.0) | 20.7 (0–100) | 0.65 |
| Runny nose | 47.5 (0–100) | 33.3 (0–100) | 56.1 (0–100) | 44.5 (0–100) | <0.01 |
| Missed work | 3.5 (0–60) | 2.8 (0–25.0) | 5.3 (0–60.0) | 1.2 (0–14.3) | 0.45 |
| Wake up at night | 14.8 (0–100) | 33.6 (0–100) | 4.2 (0–80.0) | 17.7 (0–100) | 0.07 |
| Exercise | 21.1 (0–100) | 12.9 (0–40.0) | 22.5 (0–100) | 25.1 (0–100) | 0.49 |
| Smoke | 2.5 (0–100) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 8.3 (0–100) | 0.31 |
| Around a smoker | 10 (0–100) | 16.1 (0–100) | 5.4 (0–66.7.0) | 12.8 (0–100) | 0.36 |
GPS, global positioning system; EPA, US Environmental Protection Agency; PM2.5, particulate matter <2.5 microns; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; a p-values are for differences in characteristics across asthma status and were obtained from exact tests for categorical variables, and mixed linear models for continuous variables to account for within-woman variation.