Table 3.
Comparative analysis of studied variables between inline hockey players displaying LBP and asymptomatic players.
| Variables | LBP (n = 14) | Asymptomatic (n = 6) | p-Value | Effect Sizes Cohen’s d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 22.71 ± 3.02 | 22.0 ± 2.76 | 0.402 | Trivial (d = 0.24) |
| Body mass (kg) | 67.11 ± 8.87 | 74.57 ± 9.69 | 0.091 | Moderate (d = −0.81) |
| Height (cm) | 1.68 ± 0.06 | 1.73 ± 0.05 | 0.091 | Moderate (d = −0.87) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.83 ± 2.83 | 24.87 ± 2.68 | 0.444 | Small (d = −0.37) |
| Years of experience | 13.71 ± 3.87 | 13.17 ± 2.64 | 0.718 | Trivial (d = 0.15) |
| Months of training per year | 10.36 ± 0.74 | 11.17 ± 0.98 | 0.109 | Moderate (d = −0.99) |
| Days of training per week | 2.86 ± 0.86 | 2.67 ± 0.52 | 0.841 | Small (d = 0.24) |
| Training hours per week | 5.29 ± 2.13 | 5.00 ± 1.90 | 0.779 | Trivial (d = 0.14) |
| Training volume (training hours last 12 month) | 201.5 ± 83.3 | 176.0 ± 62.2 | 0.693 | Small (d = 0.32) |
| HE (iliopsoas) | 8.1 ± 4.5° | 10.7 ± 7.3° | 0.431 | Small (d = −0.47) |
| HAD-HF (piriformis) | 30.1 ± 5.4° | 26.5 ± 4.1° | 0.136 | Moderate (d = 0.70) |
| HAB (adductors) | 39.9 ± 3.0° | 38.5 ± 2.5° | 0.406 | Small (d = 0.48) |
| HIR (external rotators) | 39.1 ± 5.7° | 36.3 ± 5.2° | 0.341 | Small (d = 0.5) |
| HER (internal rotators) | 62.1 ± 8.2° | 53.2 ± 5.5° | 0.013 * | Large (d = 1.17) |
| HTR (external and internal rotators) | 101.3 ± 12.0° | 89.5 ± 8.7° | 0.032 * | Moderate (d = 1.05) |
| HAB-HF (monoarticular adductors) | 70.4 ± 6.4° | 65.5 ± 7.1° | 0.186 | Moderate (d = 0.74) |
| HF-KE (hamstring) | 72.1 ± 5.4° | 73.7 ± 6.2° | 0.534 | Small (d = −0.28) |
| HF-KF (gluteus maximus) | 137.3 ± 7.2° | 133.8 ± 6.6° | 0.301 | Small (d = 0.49) |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation; LBP: Lower back pain; Hip extension test [HE]; hip adduction with hip flexed 90° test [HAD-HF]; hip abduction with hip neutral test [HAB]; hip internal rotation test [HIR]; hip external rotation test [HER]; hip abduction with hip flexed 90° test [HAB-HF]; hip flexion with knee extended test [HF-KE]; hip flexion with knee flexed test [HF-KF]; * significant at p ≤ 0.05 (nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test). Effect sizes were was interpreted as trivial or no effect (SMD [standardized mean difference] < 0.2), small (SMD = 0.2 to 0.59), moderate (SMD = 0.6 to 1.19), large (SMD = 1.20 to 2.00), very large (SMD = 2.00 to 3.99), and extremely large (SMD > 4.00) [50].