Table 2.
Psychological and cognitive characteristics of all participants.
| Pro-Gamers (n = 55) | Pro-Baseball (n = 57) | HC (n = 60) | Statistics | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychological Characteristics | ||||
| Temperament and Characteristics Inventory (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | ||||
| NS *** | 21.5 ± 5.4 | 21.6 ± 4.9 | 18.7 ± 3.7 | F = 8.99, p < 0.01, ŋ = 0.818 |
| HA *** | 18.7 ± 6.3 | 13.9 ± 7.1 | 14.6 ± 4.9 | F = 6.29, p < 0.01, ŋ = 0.759 |
| RD | 14.4 ± 4.0 | 15.1 ± 3.1 | 15.2 ± 3.2 | F = 0.63, p = 0.53, ŋ = 0.239 |
| P | 5.0 ± 2.0 | 5.5 ± 1.7 | 4.8 ± 1.6 | F = 2.89, p = 0.06, ŋ = 0.591 |
| SD ** | 24.1 ± 5.9 | 24.9 ± 4.7 | 21.8 ± 6.1 | F = 6.26, p < 0.01, ŋ = 0.757 |
| C | 27.4 ± 4.8 | 29.2 ± 6.1 | 27.3 ± 5.5 | F = 2.07, p = 0.13, ŋ = 0.509 |
| ST ** | 15.6 ± 5.9 | 15.1 ± 4.9 | 12.9 ± 5.4 | F = 11.69, p < 0.01, ŋ = 0.853 |
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-KY (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | ||||
| State * | 37.7 ± 9.4 | 37.2 ± 8.7 | 42.4 ± 5.6 | F = 8.41, p < 0.01, ŋ = 0.808 |
| Trait | 39.2 ± 10.2 | 38.2 ± 10.4 | 40.8 ± 6.1 | F = 1.52, p = 0.22, ŋ = 0.432 |
| Neurocognitive Function Tests | ||||
| Modified Tower of London (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | ||||
| ToL-RT * | 6.7 ± 1.0 | 8.3 ± 2.1 | 8.4 ± 1.9 | F = 9.31, p < 0.01, ŋ = 0.823 |
| ToL-CR | 7.1 ± 0.7 | 7.1 ± 0.8 | 7.6 ± 1.1 | F = 0.31, p = 0.42, ŋ = 0.134 |
| Emotional Perception (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | ||||
| EP-RT * | 4.3 ± 1.2 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 1.2 | F = 8.62, p < 0.01, ŋ = 0.812 |
| EP-CR | 80.1 ± 7.1 | 75.4 ± 10.8 | 74.9 ± 9.7 | F = 2.91, p = 0.06, ŋ = 0.592 |
| Mental Rotation (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | ||||
| MR-RT * | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | F = 9.67, p < 0.01, ŋ = 0.829 |
| MR-CR * | 88.8 ± 4.8 | 70.1 ± 15.9 | 70.7 ± 13.9 | F = 19.63, p < 0.01, ŋ = 0.907 |
HC: healthy comparison subjects; NS: novelty seeking; HA: harm avoidance; RD: reward dependence; P: persistence; SD: self-directedness; C: cooperativeness; ST: self-transference; ToL: modified Tower of London; Korean version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y (STAI-KY), EP: Emotional Perception test; MR: Mental Rotation test; RT: reaction time; CR: correction rate; ***: statistically significant (0.013); **: statistically significant (0.017); *: statistically significant (0.025); ŋ: partial eta-squared; Post hoc (p < 0.05); NS: pro-gamers = pro-baseball > HC; HA: pro-baseball = HC < pro-gamers; SD: pro-gamers = pro-baseball > HC; ST: pro-gamers = pro-baseball > HC; State: pro-gamers = pro-baseball < HC; ToL-RT: pro-gamers < pro-baseball = HC; EP-RT: pro-baseball < HC = pro-gamers; MR-RT: pro-baseball < HC = pro-gamers; MR-CR: pro-gamers > pro-baseball = HC.