Table 4.
Comparison of psychological and cognitive characteristics between elite pro-baseball players and general pro-baseball players.
| Elite Pro-Baseball (n = 14) | General Pro-Baseball (n = 43) | Statistics | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Psychological Characteristics | |||
| Temperament and Characteristics Inventory (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | |||
| NS *** | 25.5 ± 4.4 | 19.9 ± 4.1 | t = 3.97, p < 0.01, d = 1.316 |
| HA | 14.5 ± 6.4 | 13.7 ± 7.3 | t = 1.22, p = 0.17, d = 0.116 |
| RD | 14.4 ± 3.8 | 15.3 ± 2.9 | t = −1.44, p = 0.13, d = 0.266 |
| P | 5.3 ± 1.7 | 5.6 ± 1.7 | t = −1.76, p = 0.08, d = 0.176 |
| SD ** | 29.9 ± 3.1 | 23.1 ± 3.8 | t = 3.21, p < 0.01, d = 1.961 |
| C | 27.3 ± 7.7 | 29.9 ± 5.4 | t = −1.66, p = 0.08, d = 0.391 |
| ST ** | 14.8 ± 4.9 | 11.2 ± 4.2 | t = 3.34, p = 0.01, d = 0.788 |
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-KY (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | |||
| State | 32.2 ± 6.2 | 38.9 ± 8.9 | t = 2.96, p = 0.03, d = 0.873 |
| Traits | 38.8 ± 13.6 | 38.6 ± 9.3 | t = 0.07, p = 0.66, d = 0.069 |
| Neurocognitive Function Tests | |||
| Modified Tower of London (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | |||
| ToL-RT | 8.2 ± 1.4 | 8.4 ± 2.3 | t = −1.43, p = 0.14, d = 0.105 |
| ToL-CR | 7.5 ± 0.7 | 7.3 ± 0.9 | t = 1.49, p = 0.12, d = 0.248 |
| Emotional Perception (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | |||
| EP-RT * | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.8 | t = −3.11, p < 0.01, d = 1.125 |
| EP-CR | 76.2 ± 11.8 | 75.2 ± 10.6 | t = 1.77, p = 0.08, d = 0.089 |
| Mental Rotation (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | |||
| MR-RT | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 1.3 | t = 2.97, p = 0.03, d = 0.371 |
| MR-CR | 67.8 ± 11.7 | 70.8 ± 17.1 | t = 1.87, p = 0.08, d = 0.205 |
NS: novelty seeking; HA: harm avoidance; RD: reward dependence; P: persistence; SD: self-directedness; C: cooperativeness; ST: self-transference; ToL: modified Tower of London; EP: Emotional Perception test; MR: Mental Rotation test; RT: reaction time; CR: correction rate; ***: statistically significant (0.013); **: statistically significant (0.017); *: statistically significant (0.025), d: Cohen’s d.