Figure 7.

Insulin resistance enhances overload-stimulated activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. After 12 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, mice underwent unilateral synergist ablation surgery to induce overload (OVL) of the plantaris muscle for 5 days. (A) Muscles were excised and the protein content of glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) determined by immunoblot (IB) analysis. The GFPT1 antibody was validated using mouse tibialis anterior muscle samples overexpressing GFPT1 (OE) or empty vector-transfected controls (-). (B) Immunoblots were also performed to assess total muscle O-GlcNAc-modified proteins. Data are mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed using a 2-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. N = 8–10 muscles/group. p < 0.05 # vs. Sham (Sh); * vs. low-fat diet (LFD).