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. 2020 Jun 30;21(13):4693. doi: 10.3390/ijms21134693

Figure 4.

Figure 4

The p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Solid lines indicate signaling pathways and the proteins involved in them; dotted lines indicate the regulatory mechanisms reported in several studies, and lines with blunt ends indicate pathways inhibiting or deactivating downstream substrates. LPS: lipopolysaccharide; TGFβ: growth factor beta; TLRs: Toll-like receptors; CD40: cluster of differentiation 40 receptors; GPCRs: G-protein-coupled receptors; elF2a: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; TAB1: TGF-beta-activated kinase1; TRADD: tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein; TRAF: tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor; Daxx: death domain-associated protein; RIP: receptor-interacting protein kinases; MyD88: myeloid differentiation primary response 88; PRAK: p38-regulated and -activated kinase; Hsp: heat shock proteins; DLK: dual leucine zipper kinase; MLK: mixed-lineage protein kinase; MEKK: MEKK kinase; MEK: MEK kinase; MKK: MK kinase; MNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting protein; TAO: thousand and one amino acids; eEF2K: eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase; cPLA2, cytosolic phospholipase A2; ATF: activating transcription factor; MSK: mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase; CREB: cAMP response element–binding protein; AP-1: activator protein 1; MEF: myocyte enhancing factor; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein, a member of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins; Elk-1: erythroblast transformation specific (ETS) like-1 protein; Stat1: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; Pax6: a paired-box protein encoded by the master gene Pax-6; Myc: a group of transcription factors coded by a regulator genes and proto-oncogene called Myc; Max: a transcription factor coded by the myc-associated factor X.