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Biochemical routes for variation in pH of the Airway Surface Liquid (ASL). (A) Acid loaders: Cl−/HCO3− exchanger; Na+- HCO3− cotransporter; PMCA pump; TRP, ORAI and ASIC channels; CO2/Carbonic Anhydrase system, etc. (B) Acid extruders: NHE exchanger; Hv1, TRP, and CFTR channels; ATPase pumps, etc. PLA2—Phospholipase A2; PLC—Phospholipase C; IP3—Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; AA—Arachidonic Acid.
