Fig. 3.

Binned scatterplots showing the associations between the Born in Bradford’s mothers’ polygenic score (PGS) and their children’s developmental outcomes (left) and academic outcomes (right). Children’s developmental outcomes are indexed by scores on the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile (EYFSP), and their academic outcomes are indexed by scores on the Key Stage 1. Maternal polygenic score was residualized on child polygenic score, maternal age, and the first 10 principal components of individual genotype. Maternal polygenic score and both developmental outcomes were standardized within sample (M = 0, SD = 1). Each point represents roughly 25 mother–child pairs. The red line represents the best linear fit from a regression on the underlying, unbinned data.