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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 8.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020 Mar 25;12(14):16006–16017. doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b22964

Figure 8.

Figure 8.

Antimicrobial properties of the formulated hydrogels. (a) Modified direct contact assay. Mean counts of viable (CFU/mL) planktonic bacterial cells on GelMA-modified hydrogels. (b) Microcosm biofilm model. CHX-loaded GelMA-based hydrogels (5%H-C10% and 5%H-C20%) significantly reduced bacterial numbers compared to all other groups. (c) SEM micrograph depicting the evaluated areas (inner root walls of dentin slices). (d-i) SEM micrographs of bacterial biofilm on the dentin surface of pristine GelMA (d), GelMA-5%H (e), GelMA-5%H-10%C (f), GelMA-5%H-20%C (g), Ca(OH)2 (h), and bacterial growth, that is, untreated dentin (i). Unmodified GelMA, CHX-free nanotube-modified GelMA groups demonstrate bacteria on dentin surfaces and inside dentinal tubules. CHX-loaded nanotube-modified GelMA hydrogels eliminated almost all bacteria on the dentin surface and inside dentinal tubules. Infected dentin slices treated with Ca(OH)2 show bacterial presence within the calcium hydroxide paste. Note the abundant presence of biofilm on untreated dentin surfaces.