Fig. 3.

The effect of treatment with a combination of fucose-mannose ligand (FML) with glycyrrhizin (GL) on the production of TNF-α by activated macrophages. The production of TNF-α was significantly higher in the macrophages treated with the combination of FML and GL using a high concentration (20 μg/ml) compared to the activated macrophages treated with PBS, FML or GL alone (P = 0.0019). Results represent the mean (mean ± SD) of the three independent experiments with macrophages from seven mice per experiment (**P < 0.01). Abbreviations: PBS, phosphate-buffered saline