Table 1.
Drugs and small molecules against ROS that prevent infection with influenza viruses. [Against ROS]
| Thiol compounds and prodrugs | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
|---|---|---|
| N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) |
• Reduction of the cell population at the G0/G1 phase • Reduction of pro-inflammatory molecule |
Geiler et al. [174] Ghezzi et al. [175] Wu et al. [197] Zhang et al .[176] Garigliany et al. [177] |
| Glutathione (GSH) |
• Affects viral mRNA export and decreases the expression of late viral proteins • Inhibition of caspase activation and Fas upregulation |
Nencioni et al .[198] Cai et al. [52] |
| GSH-C4 |
• Inhibition of influenza virus HA maturation • Inhibition of influenza virus replication and Th1 immune cells induction |
Sgarbanti et al. [180] Amatore et al. [44] |
| PDTC (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) |
• Decrease in viral RNA synthesis • Inhibition of apoptosis |
Uchide et al. [199] Qi et al. [200] |
| Hydroxyl antioxidants | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
|
NDGA (Nordihydroguaiaretic acid) |
• Inhibition of apoptotic DNA fragmentation and virus proliferation | Uchide et al. [201] |
| Thujaplicin | • Inhibition of apoptosis, virus replication and release from the infected cells |
Miyamoto et al. [202] Uchide et al .[203] |
|
Resveratrol/ Vitisin A (tetramer of resveratrol) |
• Inhibition of the nuclear–cytoplasmic translocation of vRNP • Downregulation of viral proteins • Inhibition of protein kinase C activity • Inhibition of virus-induced RANTES production, to decrease of the virus-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and STAT1 |
Palamara et al. [204] Huang et al. [205] Uchide et al .[203] |
| Ambroxol |
• Stimulation of the release of pulmonary surfactants, mucus protease inhibitor, IgA, and IgG • Suppression of the release of cytokines, TNF-α IFN-γ, and interleukin-12 |
Yang et al. [206] Uchide et al. [203] |
| Ascorbic acid |
• Inhibition of the entry of viruses • Increase in the production of IFN-α/β at the initial stage of infection • Inhibition of excessive CORT synthesis |
Wang et al. [207] Kim et al. [208] Cai et al. [209] Kim et al. [210] |
| Tert-buthylhydroquinone (tBHQ) | • Inhibiting of ROS production and increase antioxidation | Antanasijevic et al. [211, 212] |
| Monoacetylcodine (MAC) + Curcumin |
• Inhibition NA activity • Inhibition IAV infection better then curcumin only |
Richart et al. [213] |
| Curcumin + Resveratrol |
• Scavenging of H2O2, HON, and ROON • Inhibition of TLR 2/4, p38MAPK, and NFkB |
Sharma et al. [214] Barzeger et al. [215] Dai et al. [216] |
| Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl anthraquinone) |
• Inhibition of IA replication, IV pneumonia • Inhibition of TLR 4, p38/JNK, and NFkB |
Dai et al. [217] |
| Oxymatrine (OMT); C15H24N2O20, imunosuppressive reagent |
• Antioxidant • Suppression of inflammation and viral infections • Hepatoprotective and immunosuppressive • Inducer of TLR4, p38 MAPK, NFkB, and PI3K/AkT |
Dai et al. [56] |
| Aurantiamide acetate (E17) | • Strong anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects | Zhou et al. [218] |
| 4-PBA (4-phenyl butyrate) | • Inhibitor of ER stress | Jung et al. [129] |
| Kaempferol | • Inhibition of TLR4/MyD88-mediated signaling of NFkB and MAPK | Zhang et al. [57] |
| Apocynin |
• Inhibitor of NOX2 • Inhibition of ROS and IV-induced cytokine production |
Ye et al. [45] |
| Flavonoids | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
| Dianthus (quercetin 3; isorhamnetin 3) | • Binding to IV polymerase membrane glycoproteins ROS inhibitor | Kim et al. [219] |
|
Quercetin Quercetin 3-glucoside |
• Protecting low-density lipoprotein against oxidation • Antithrombic, antivirus, and anti-inflammatory effcets • Supression of ROS |
Formica et al. [220] Nile et al. [221] |
| Polyphenol | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
| Chlorogenic acid |
• Antivirus and antihypertension effects • Protection of dopaminergic neurons against neuroinflammation |
Zhao et al. [222] Shen et al. [223] Ding et al. [224] |
| Bakuchiol | • Activation of Nrf2 pathway | Shoji et al. [28] |
| Chemicals | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
| Poly (aniline-co-pyrrole) polymerized nanoregulators (PASomes) with mPEG-b-pPhe (methoxy polyethylene glycol-block-polyphenylalanine copolymer) |
• Inhibition of ROS production • Inhibition of viral replication and cell death |
Kim et al. [225] |
| Cholesterol conjugated gp91 of NOX2 oxidase gp91phox sequence linked to the human immunodeficiency virus-tat peptide (Cgp91de-TAT) |
• Inhibitor of NOX2 oxidase • Inhibitor of ROS and inflammation |
To et al. [226] |
| Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP-1) |
• Inhibition of HO-1 • Inhibition of H9N2 proliferation |
Qi et al. [227] |
| Genes | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
| Bax Inhibitor-1 |
• Inhibiting ROS mdiated cell death and augmented HO-1 • H9N2-NS1 induced ROS and apoptosis |
Hosain et al. [228] Qi et al. [200] |