Fig. 3.

(Adapted from Okumu & Moore 2011 [100]: a diagrammatic representation of various effects of untreated or insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) on mosquitoes that enter or attempt to enter houses. Mosquitoes can be deterred and diverted before they enter houses, killed by the insecticides used on IRS or ITNs inside houses, or irritated so that they exit huts earlier than normal. This exit may occur before or after the mosquitoes have blood-fed, but both fed and unfed mosquitoes may die later after exiting, due to sub-lethal effects of insecticides. The net and IRS may also reduce mosquitoes’ ability to successfully take blood meals from the hut dwellers or to successfully transmit disease