Table 2. Comparison between controlled diabetic (control group; n=215) and uncontrolled diabetic (case group; n=218) participants.
SJL: social jetlag; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; DM: diabetes mellitus; SD: standard deviation
| Covariate | Level | Controlled DM | Uncontrolled DM | Parametric p-value |
| Gender | Male | 110 (50) | 110 (50) | 0.883 |
| Female | 104 (49.29) | 107 (50.71) | ||
| SJL Status | SJL | 119 (47.79) | 130 (52.21) | 0.394 |
| No SJL | 92 (51.98) | 85 (48.02) | ||
| SJL hours | No SJL: SJL of <1 hour | 92 (51.98) | 85 (48.02) | 0.69 |
| SJL of ≥1 to <2 hours | 44 (48.35) | 47 (51.65) | ||
| SJL of ≥2 hours | 75 (47.47) | 83 (52.53) | ||
| Regular work | Yes | 135 (50.94) | 130 (49.06) | 0.538 |
| No | 80 (47.9) | 87 (52.1) | ||
| Worked days | ≤5 days | 166 (48.4) | 177 (51.6) | 0.117 |
| >5 days | 19 (63.33) | 11 (36.67) | ||
| Smoking | Yes | 19 (57.58) | 14 (42.42) | 0.292 |
| No | 76 (47.5) | 84 (52.5) | ||
| Coffee | <4 cups | 139 (57.2) | 104 (42.8) | <0.001 |
| ≥4 cups | 64 (37.65) | 106 (62.35) | ||
| Coffee frequency | Daily | 101 (57.39) | 75 (42.61) | 0.19 |
| Weekly | 20 (52.63) | 18 (47.37) | ||
| Monthly | 4 (100) | 0 (0) | ||
| Black tea | Yes | 172 (50.89) | 166 (49.11) | 0.071 |
| No | 26 (38.81) | 41 (61.19) | ||
| Caffeinated drinks | Yes | 60 (48.39) | 64 (51.61) | 0.642 |
| No | 94 (51.09) | 90 (48.91) | ||
| Sleep medications | Yes | 2 (18.18) | 9 (81.82) | 0.039 |
| No | 128 (50) | 128 (50) | ||
| Age, years | N | 210 | 218 | 0.083 |
| Mean | 45.56 | 47.58 | ||
| SD | 11.3 | 12.72 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | N | 103 | 104 | 0.267 |
| Mean | 31.03 | 32.12 | ||
| SD | 5.89 | 8.04 | ||
| HbA1c, % | N | 215 | 218 | <0.001 |
| Mean | 6.57 | 9.37 | ||
| SD | 0.59 | 1.71 |